1. Splash Screen

2. A Great Debate (cont.)
Factors that worked against the Anti-Federalists:
Their campaign was a negative one.
The Federalists were better organized.
Most of the nation’s newspapers supported the Federalists.
Section 3

3. A Great Debate (cont.)
The arguments for ratification of the Constitution were summarized in The Federalist—a collection of 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.
The essays explained how the new Constitution worked and why it was needed.
The Ratification of the Constitution, 1787–1790
Section 3

4. Farmers, merchants, and artisans who lived near the coast supported the Federalists because a strong central government could take which actions?
A. Regulate trade consistently.
B. Impose taxes on foreign goods.
C. Prohibit the British from stealing goods.
D. A and B
E. B and C A B C D E
Section 3

5. Battle for Ratification
The promise of a Bill of Rights paved the way for the ratification of the Constitution.
Section 3

6. Battle for Ratification (cont.)
In Massachusetts opponents of the Constitution held a clear majority when the convention met in January 1788.
In response to Samuel Adams, the Federalists promised to attach a bill of rights to the Constitution once it was ratified.
They also promised to reserve for the states all powers not specifically granted to the federal government.
Section 3

7. Battle for Ratification (cont.)
Upon hearing the proposal for the bill of rights, Virginia governor Edmund Randolph agreed to support the new Constitution.
The Virginia convention voted narrowly for the new Constitution, 89 in favor and 79 against.
The vote in favor of the Constitution was also very close in New York—30 to 27.
Section 3

8. Battle for Ratification (cont.)
In September 1788, the Confederation Congress established a timetable for the election of the new government.
Section 3

9. A. North Carolina and South Carolina
The last two states to ratify the Constitution were which of the following?
A. North Carolina and South Carolina
B. Rhode Island and North Carolina
C. South Carolina and Pennsylvania
D. Maryland and New Jersey A B C D
Section 3

10. Section 3-End

11. The Articles of Confederation
Weaknesses
No power to regulate commerce
No power to compel states to obey international treaties signed by the Congress
No military forces
No power to tax
No power to print or coin money
VS 1

12. The Articles of Confederation
Effects
States impose trade restrictions and tariffs on each other’s goods
States restrict Britain’s ability to collect debts from Americans; Congress cannot reach a financial settlement with Britain; Britain refuses to evacuate forts on American soil
Spain denies Americans permission to deposit goods at mouth of Mississippi; Congress has no leverage to force Spain to negotiate
States issue money, inflation makes the currency worthless; debt problems lead to rebellion in Massachusetts and riots in Rhode Island
VS 1a

13. The Federal Constitution
Decisions at the Constitutional Convention
New Jersey Plan to amend the Articles of Confederation is rejected
Virginia Plan to create a federal Constitution is approved
Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise) gets both small and large states to support the Constitution: Congress will have a House of Representatives, elected by the people, and a Senate, whose members are chosen by the states
Three-Fifths Compromise gets Southern and Northern states to support the Constitution: enslaved people will count as three-fifths of a free person for determining representation in Congress and taxes owed
VS 2

14. The Federal Constitution
Checks and Balances of the Federal Constitution
Federal government has three branches: executive (headed by a president), legislative (Congress), and judicial
President can veto laws but Congress can override a veto
President commands the military; Congress votes all funds and taxes
President selects his cabinet and nominates judges, but the Senate must approve the nominations
Congress can impeach the president and judges and remove them from office
To get the Constitution ratified, supporters also promised to add a bill of rights (Amendments 1–10) to further limit federal power
VS 2

15. VS-End

16. financier one who deals with finance and investment on a large scale
Vocab11

17. bill of rights
a summary of fundamental rights and privileges guaranteed to a people against violation by the state
Vocab12

18. framework
a set of guidelines to be followed
Vocab13

19. specific
restricted to a particular individual, situation, relation, or effect
Vocab14