1. Sustainability assessment of the introduction of e-bus
in the city of Rethymno
Theocharis Tsoutsos. Stavroula Tournaki. Aggelos Smaragdakis. Eleni Farmaki

2. Electricity generation in the Greek islands
Rethymno Municipality –baseline and energy mix
Electricity generation in the Greek islands
Fossil fuel – thermal production
Wind Farms
Solar power plants
PV via net metering
Crete energy mix 2017
Conventional fuel: 73%
RES: 27%
Greece energy mix 2017
Conventional fuel: 82%
RES: 18% 2

3. Stations Data analysis
CO (ppm) fluctuation during winter time*
NO2 (ppm) fluctuation
Data recorded from meteorological stations in and outside of the city. variation of traffic pollutants among different locations within the municipality. corresponding to the traffic congestion (winter time data)
Upper limits are not exceeded in both cases. CO and NO2 measurements
*CO Maximum daily 8hr limit 10 mg/m3 (8.7 ppm) EU Directive 2008/50/EC
*NO2 Maximum hourly limit 200 μg/m3 (0.11 ppm) EU Directive 2008/50/EC *

4. Introduction of the first e-bus
Current situation
No electric buses in the whole region (Crete)
Mostly regular- large sized. diesel buses circulate the city
Most citizens unfamiliar with electromobility and its benefits.
Procurement costs of EVs is discouraging for fleet operators
Needs
The public transport has to cope with the additional load of commuters during the touristic period
Cleaner fuels will improve the urban environment by reducing emissions/noise and the image of the city as a sustainable destination.
Informational and promotional campaigns to strengthen engagement and awareness on electromobility

5. Launching electromobility in Rethymno
Municipal Fleet
Public Procurement of an e-car
Dedicated signage developed – to be used as a promotional element
Public transport
Launch e-mobility in PT fleet- mini e-bus procurement
New circular bus route designed along the beach connecting the main parking sites
Public Infrastructure
Installation of first 4 EV chargers
New attractive signage design

6. Characteristics of buses compared
Electric Bus
Conventional Bus
Total passengers 48 47
Type of route served
Urban
Type of Engine
Electric Engine
Internal Combustion Engine
Fuel
Electricity
Diesel
Country of Origin
Hungary
Turkey
Average Fuel Consumption
 0.62 (kWh/km)
 0.44 (L/km)
Weight (kg)
6,200
5,416

7. Sustainability Assessment
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
Examining the sustainability of a shift towards electric mobility in public transport by implementing scientifically common methods of analysis
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Environmental impacts assessment associated with all the stages of a product's life (raw materials processing. manufacturing procedure. fuel production. distribution procedure. operation)
Total cost of ownership (TCO): financial estimation for determining the total economic value of an investment (total cost of acquisition. operating costs. costs of maintenance and/or upgrades).
Payback period: time period (number of years) required for the recovery of the initial investment
Tourism aspects taken into account:
Additional load of commuters during the touristic period -> Number of routes and timetables are adjusted

8. LCA Flow Chart – Electric bus
Final production stages
Extensive analysis per construction stage. including raw materials used.
The flow chart presents the contribution of the different LCA stages on the total environmental impact. and the contribution per material used.
Initial stages / Raw materials

9. LCA Results – ebus vs diesel bus
1.Climate Change-Human Health 2. Ozon depletion 3. Human toxicity 4. Photochemical oxidant formation 5. Particulate matter formation 6. Ionising radiation 7. Climate change- Ecosystem 8. Terrestrial Acidification 9. Freshwater eutrophication 10. Terrestrial Ecotoxicity 11. Freshwater ecotoxicity 12. Marine ecotoxicity 13. Agricultural land occupation 14. Urban land occupation 15. Natural land transformation 16. Metal depletion 17. Fossil depletion
1.Climate Change-Human Health 2. Ozon depletion 3. Human toxicity 4. Photochemical oxidant formation 5. Particulate matter formation 6. Ionising radiation 7. Climate change- Ecosystem 8. Terrestrial Acidification 9. Freshwater eutrophication 10. Terrestrial Ecotoxicity 11. Freshwater ecotoxicity 12. Marine ecotoxicity 13. Agricultural land occupation 14. Urban land occupation 15. Natural land transformation 16. Metal depletion 17. Fossil depletion
Electric bus Diesel bus

10. LCA Results – Characterization per stage – E-bus
The chart presents the estimated impacts of the different life stages of the electric bus (different colors): construction (orange). glider construction (green) maintenance (yellow). transport/ delivery by different means. electricity use (red)
on the several aspects (such as climate. human health. ecosystems. resources ect).
The construction of the powertrain that is marked with the orange color. presents the biggest influence to almost all aspects.
CLIMATE CHANGE
HUMAN HEALTH
CLIMATE CHANGE
ECOSYSTEMS
FOSSIL DEPLETION
Construction stage Operation stage Electricity use

11. TCO Analysis Investment (€) Annual costs (€) Cost per km (€/ km)
Investment (€)
Annual costs (€)
Cost per km (€/ km)
% €/ km
Cost
Electric
Diesel
Initial investment
415,000
100,000
51,875
12,500
0.56
0.1 44 11
Battery replacement
238,551 -
29,819
0.32 26
Energy cost
8,000
74,657
0.09
0.8 7 63
External cost
0.04 3
Maintenance & insurance
5,048
8,055
0.2
0.3 16 23
Charging Infrastructure
Total
94,742
95,212
1.26
1.29
100
Cost per km based on useful economic life= 8 years
Baseline 8 useful years, average of km – ΑΝΤΙΣΤΟΙΧΕΊ ΣΕ «ΜΕΓΑΛΗ» ΔΙΑΔΡΟΜΗ
E- Bus: High costs for initial investment and battery replacement
Conventional Bus: High energy and maintenance costs

12. TCO Results
EXAMPLE OF RESULTS FOR ONE OF THE ROUTES

13. Routes examined for TCO
From To
Distance (km)
Total annual distance (km/year)
Ticket value (€) 1
Rethymno
Loutra
24.8
82,534
1.3 2
Perivolia
University
16.5
92,169
0.8 3
Palm beach Hotel
Old town
6.5
27,586
1.0

14. Total annual distance (km/year)
Τotal cost of ownership
TCO (€/km)
Route
No. Routes/ week
Total annual distance (km/year)
8 Years
12 Years
EB1
ICEB2 1 64
82,534
1.33
1.30
1.10
1.25 2
107
92,169
1.26
1.29
1.02
1.24 3 37
27,586
2.58
1.60
2.56
1.45
1EB: Electric Bus - 2ICEB: Internal Combustion Engine Bus

15. Conclusions
Need the e-buses in the urban environment , but also we should minimize the use of fossil fuels for the construction and operation
Need for new manufacturing materials and appropriate recycling methods
The seasonal increase of PT users vs PT planning
The battery issue is always there

16. Two myths of e-mobility under refutation
… is expensive
… is clean

17. Thank you! Professor Theocharis Tsoutsos
Director. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Lab
School of Environmental Engineering
Technical University of Crete