1. EU Enlargement History
Marek Cermak
The rounds of enlargement and their specifics
EU Enlargement History

2. The Founding Members European Coal and Steel Community
Proposed by Schuman for peace in 1950
Formally established in 1951 by Treaty of Paris
France, W. Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Italy
Went on to sign Treaties of Rome
ECSC
EURATOM
EEC

3. The Founding Members – cont.
Came to be known as EC
International organisations governed by same set of institutions
UK changed policy on joining on EC
Issued for accession in 1961
Due to Suez crisis
Accession vetoed by French President de Gaulle
Due to fear of US influence

4. The Founding Members

5. First Enlargement – 1973 Accession of UK, Denmark, Ireland, Norway UK
French President de Gaulle no longer in office so UK no longer has barriers for entry
Colonies – the question of Gibraltar
Norway
Question put to referendum – rejected (67/92)
Still adopts policies – Schengen, Europol etc
Contributes to budget, member of EEA

6. First Enlargement - Statistics
With the accession of the countries in 1973:
Population increased by 33%
The area of the EU members increased by 25%
The total GDP of the member states increased by 32%
But the GDP per capita fell by 0.91%

7. First Enlargement – 1973

8. Second and Third Enlargements - 1981 / 1986
Democracy returns to Greece, Spain and Portugal
Greece joins in 1981
Spain and Portugal in 1986
1985 – Greenland leaves the EC
1987 – Turkey and Morocco apply
Morocco not seen as European
Turkey’s accepted, only received candidate status in 2000, negotiations started in 2004

9. Second and Third Enlargements - Statistics
With the accession of the countries in and 1986:
Population increased by 10%
The area of the EU members increased by 20%
The total GDP of the member states increased by 6.8%
But the GDP per capita fell by 3.42%

10. Second and Third Enlargements - 1981 / 1986

11. Fourth Enlargement
Prior to enlargement of ‘95, East+West Germany reunified in 1990
East Germany part of EC, under “Germany”
EC becomes EU in Maastricht
Accession of Austria, Finland, Sweden
Copenhagen criteria established due to candidacy of numerous post-communist countries
Democracy / free market / adoption of EU Law

12. Fourth Enlargement - Statistics
With the accession of the countries in 1995:
Population increased by 6%
The area of the EU members increased by 35%
The total GDP of the member states increased by 6.5%
For the first and only time in any enlargement of the EC/EU, the GDP per capita increased, by 0.20%

13. Fourth Enlargement

14. Fifth Enlargement
In 2004, 10 Eastern, mostly post communist, countries joined the EU
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Luthuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.
Less developed states were fear of Western, more developed members
Restrictions of certain members on travel/working rights of eastern people in their countries
Denmark, Finland, Austria
“Polish Plumber”

15. Fifth Enlargement - Statistics
With the accession of the countries in 2004:
Population increased by 20%, largest single expansion in terms of number of people
The area of the EU members increased by 18%, largest single increase in terms of km2
The total GDP of the member states increased only by 8.8%
It was the largest fall of GDP per capita in any enlargement. The accession of the less developed Eastern countries caused a 9% fall in GDP per capita

16. Fifth Enlargement

17. Sixth Enlargement - 2007 The accession of Bulgaria and Romania
Were supposed to join in 2004
Romania
Government and judiciary reforms not completed
Bulgaria
More efforts needed in fight against corruption, human trafficking and reforming judicial sector
Unsure whether there is an actual “sixth enlargement”
It "marks the completion of the fifth enlargement of the EU"

18. Sixth Enlargement - Statistics
With the accession of the countries in 2007:
Population increased by 6.5%
The area of the EU members increased by 8.5%
The total GDP of the member states increased by 2%
GDP per capita fell by 4%

19. Sixth Enlargement

20. Future enlargements? Candidate status Potential candidate countries
Turkey, Croatia, Macedonia
Potential candidate countries
E.g Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia
Expressed interest in joining
Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Georgia, Armenia
Membership being debated in country:
Norway, Switzerland, Iceland

21. Future Enlargements?