1. Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders
A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable.

2. What makes a Behavior a Psychological Disorder?
Many definitions have been proposed, yet none are universally accepted
¨ Most definitions, however, share some common features…
“The Four Ds”
Deviance – Different, extreme, unusual
Distress – Unpleasant & upsetting
Dysfunction – Causes interference with life
Danger – Poses risk of harm
OBJECTIVE 1| Identify criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered.

3. DSM V
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders.
DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms.
DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures.

4. Two Major Classifications in the DSM
Neurotic Disorders
Psychotic Disorders
Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally.
Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions.
John Wayne Gacy

5. Anxiety Disorders
a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.
the patient fears something awful will happen to them.
They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

6. Anxiety Disorders: Phobias
A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread.
Must be an irrational fear.
Phobia List

7. Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

8. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) DSM-5 300.02 (F41.1)
All of the below features must be present in order to make a proper diagnosis of GAD:
Excessive anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, concerning a number of events;
The individual finds it difficult to control the worry;
The anxiety and worry are associated with at least three of the following six symptoms (only one item required in children):
Restlessness, feeling keyed up or on edge.
Being easily fatigued
Difficulty concentrating
Irritability
Muscle tension
Sleep disturbance
The anxiety, worry or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning;
The disturbance is not due to the physiological effects of a substance or medical condition;
The disturbance is not better explained by another medical disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

9. Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

10. Anxiety Disorders: Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action.
Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.
In DSM V, is not considered an anxiety disorder but is listed on it’s own.

11. Trauma and Stressor related Disorders: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD
Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event.
Memories of the event cause anxiety.

12. Somatoform Disorders
Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom.
Two types……

13. Somatoform Disorders: Hypochondriasis
Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause.
They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

14. Somatoform Disorders: Conversion Disorder
Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason.
Like blindness or paralysis.

15. Dissociative Disorders
These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process.
Three types….

16. Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia
A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory.
Retrograde Amnesia

17. Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia: Dissociative Fugue
People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

18. Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Identity Disorder
Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder.
A person has several rather than one integrated personality.
People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.

19. Mood Disorders
Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.

20. Mood Disorders: Major Depression
A.K.A. unipolar depression
Unhappy for at least two weeks Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.

21. Mood Disorders: Seasonal Affective Disorder
Experience depression during the winter months.
Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight.
Treated with light therapy.

22. Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder
Formally manic depression.
Involves periods of depression and manic episodes.
Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable).
Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.

23. Personality Disorders
Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function.
Dominates their personality.

24. Antisocial Personality Disorder
Lack of empathy.
Little regard for other’s feelings.
View the world as hostile and look out for themselves.

25. Dependent Personality Disorder
Rely too much on the attention and help of others.

26. Histrionic Personality Disorder
Needs to be the center of attention.
Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively.

27. Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance.
Thinking that you are the center of the universe.

28. Obsessive –Compulsive Personality Disorder
concerned with orderliness, perfectionism, excessive attention to details, mental and interpersonal control, and a need for control over one's environment, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. 

29. Borderline Personality Disorder
Problems regulating their emotions and thoughts
Impulsive and sometimes reckless behavior
Unstable relationships

30. Schizophrenic Disorders
About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Disorganized thinking.
Disturbed Perceptions
Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

31. Disorganized Thinking
The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs.
Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information.

32. Delusions (false beliefs)
Delusions of Persecution
Delusions of Grandeur

33. Disturbed Perceptions
hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

34. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions
Laugh at inappropriate times.
Flat Effect
Senseless, compulsive acts.
Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

35. Positive v. Negative Symptoms
Absence of appropriate ones.
Positive Symptoms
Presence of inappropriate symptoms

36. Types of Schizophrenia
Subtypes have been removed in DSM-V. Symptoms may still persist, but they are no longer categorized differently.

37. Disorganized Schizophrenia
disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion.
Clang associations
"Imagine the worst Systematic, sympathetic Quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic Your heart is prosthetic"

38. Paranoid Schizophrenia
preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations.
Somebody is out to get me!!!!

39. Catatonic Schizophrenia
Flat effect
Waxy Flexibility
parrot like repeating of another’s speech and movements

40. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
Many and varied Symptoms.

41. Neurodevelopmental Disorders: 314
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Attention- Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
onset in early childhood
Characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning
Symptoms persist for at least 6 months

42. Neurodevelopmental Disorders: 314
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Attention- Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Inattention
Does not pay close attention to details
difficulty sustaining attention
does not listen when spoken to directly
does not follow instructions/finish schoolwork
difficulty organizing tasks/activities
avoids sustained mental effort
loses important things
easily distracted
forgetful
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity
Fidgets/squirms
leaves seat
runs about/climbs
difficulty playing quietly
often ‘on the go’
talks excessively
blurts out answers before questions completed
difficulty waiting one’s turn
interrupts or intrudes on others

43. Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder
impaired development in communication, interaction with others, and in behavior
Wide range of symptoms
1 in 68 children qualify
Levels of severity
Autism is not caused by vaccines

44. Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder
Communication
inability to follow normal back-and-forth conversation
limited sharing of interests
failure to start or continue interactions with others
abnormal eye contact and body language, use or understanding of gestures
lack of facial expression and nonverbal communication
Behavioral Deficits
repetitive patterns of behavior (movements, echoing the speech of others)
Rigidity in routines
Strong preoccupation with objects
Over or under reactions to input from various senses.

45. Neurocognitive Disorders: Major Neurocognitive Disorder
Evidence of significant cognitive decline (complex attention, executive function, learning, memory, language, perceptual-motor or social cognition)This evidence should consist of:
Concern of the individual, a knowledgeable informant (such as a friend or family member), or the clinician
substantial impairment in cognitive performance
cognitive deficits interfere with independence in everyday activities
cognitive deficits don’t occur exclusively in context of a delirium, and are not better explained by another mental disorder.
Previously Dementia
Cause must be specified

46. Other Disorders Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia)
Fetishism
sadist, masochist
Eating Disorders
Substance use disorders

47. Therapy
It used to be that if someone exhibited abnormal behavior, they were institutionalized.
Because of new drugs and better therapy, the U.S. went to a policy of deinstitutionalization.

48. Psychoanalytic Therapy
Psychoanalysis (manifest and latent content through…. hypnosis free association, dream, interpretation).
Unconscious
Transference
Other therapies will result in symptom substitution.

49. Humanistic Therapy Client-Centered Therapy by Carl Rogers
These are non-directive therapies and use active listening.
Self-actualization, free-will and unconditional positive regard.
Gestalt Therapy by Fritz Perls encourage clients to get in touch with whole self.

50. Behavioral Therapies Counterconditioning Classical Conditioning
Aversive Conditioning
Systematic desensitization
Flooding
Operant Conditioning
Token Economy

51. Cognitive Therapy
Change the way we view the world (change our schemas)
Aaron Beck
Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Therapy

52. Somatic Therapies Psychopharmacology
Antipsychotics (thorazine, haldol)
Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax)
Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
Bipolar (lithium)

53. Somatic Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)- for depression.
Psychosurgury
Prefontal lobotomy

54. Group Therapy Self Help Groups Family Therapy
Support group of people who have shared in similar experiences
Family Therapy
All members involved are included in the process