1. Urban Poor in India N.C. Saxena Oct 2013

2. India’s GNP Annual Growth Rate2

3. Urban Share in total Population & Decadal Growth in India (1951-2011):

4. Break up of cities Metro cities (population-1 million +) 53 161 42
Type of cities
Number
Population (million)
Percentage of total urban population
Metro cities (population-1 million +) 53
161 42
Cities with population between 0.1 & 1 million
468
107 28
Cities with population less than 0.1 million
4041
115 30

5. Decline in poverty (as % of total population)

6. Growth in Slum Population 1981-2011 (In Million)

7. Infrastructural facilities lagging far behind the pace of urbanisation
Slum Population
52,000 slums, but only half are notified
Share of Slum Population in Urban Population – 21%.
Poor health and sanitary conditions: Exposed to higher morbidity and mortality risks compared to non-slum population.
Infrastructural facilities lagging far behind the pace of urbanisation
Re-define urban poverty by taking into account both consumption and access to civic services

8. People take enormous risks in investing in permanent construction as evictions can take place at any time. Most have a temporary roof so it can be carried away at the time of demolition
People take enormous risks in investing in permanent construction as evictions can take place at any time. Most have a temporary roof so it can be carried away at the time of eviction

9. Inequitous distribution of urban space
India: Urban Housing Shortage
EWS (Poorest) Million
LIG (Poor) Million
MIG/HI (Middle & Upper class) Million
Total Million
98 per cent of shortage in Urban Housing under EWS & LIG Categories. However most new houses for the middle & upper class.
Inequitous distribution of urban space

10. as well as in this case and pay
Many urban poor families building incrementally
They use savings and money from relatives and friends
as well as
in this case
Borrow from a money lender at 10% PER MONTH
and pay
Rs 1,000 bribe to policeman to “allow” the construction
This man wanted to improve his family’s living conditions by adding another floor. He couldn’t get a regular loan and had to borrow from a money lender at 10% per month. He also had to pay Rs1,000 to a policeman to be allowed to carry out the construction. He was doing the construction work himself.

11. The urban poor in Delhi
Delhi has about 0.6 million rickshaw pullers and more than 0.3 million vendors, mostly run by first-generation rural migrants.
But the city government has put a limit of 99,000 on licences to pull rickshaws. Thus, about 80% rickshaws operate illegally in Delhi. No limit on the number of cars.
A vast majority of street vendors have no license either. They all operate outside the legal economy, harassed by the police and municipal authorities.
Government considering a new law to facilitate their livelihoods. 10 million vendors would benefit

14. Only 10% ICDS centres in urban areas
Infrastructure
Rural India
Urban India
Non-notified Slums
Notified Slums
No Electricity 57
12.4 16 1
No Latrine
78.1
26.3 51 17
No Drainage
65.8
22.1 44 15
Only 10% ICDS centres in urban areas

15. Addressing Urban Challenges: Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Creating a Conducive
Environment
& Enabling Framework
Bridging the
Infrastructure
Deficit
Addressing Poverty Alleviation & Slum Upgrading
Improving O&M of Assets
JNNURM
Need a Departure from
Business as Usual

16. GOI budget for JnNURM in billion Rs (62 Rs = 1$)

17. Tax vacant property heavily
Housing
Reserve at least 30% of all new housing space for the poor, and make it part of mandatory reforms
Promote rental schemes
Revive the scheme of night shelters
All new housing schemes to construct 30% of affordable houses of sq m for the poor
Pass a law for the contractors to pay for space for the labourers in the night shelter before their tenders are considered
Tax vacant property heavily

18. Water & Sanitation
Per capita availability of water varies 10 times between poor and rich locations within a city. This must be reduced.
Due to shortage of space, community toilets should be promoted.
Increase Municipal staff in poor localities and slums
Improve drainage, waste collection and disposal system

19. Financial constraints
JNNURM funds cannot be directly made available to Municipalities, hence delay in release of funds.
The resources raised by the municipal authorities remain peripheral to their overall budgets, high dependence on external sources. This reduces the sense of ownership, and increases irresponsible behaviour.
State governments and Municipalities divert funds for the poor to other schemes. This is not detected in time, because the central government’s monitoring capability is weak.
There is no follow up of expenditures incurred in previous years, and insufficient funds are provided for operation and maintenance.
Third party monitoring needed

20. Suggestions Facilitate PPPPs Give high priority to women’s protection
Ensure revenue sharing from states to ULBs
Enhance the capacity of ULBs
Introduce Citizen Charters
Bring human development analysis to urban poverty reduction
Strengthen monitoring systems
Facilitate PPPPs

21. Thank you