1. Bacteria, Viruses & Fungi

2. Bacteria(plural)
I. Characteristics A. Unicellular, prokaryotic, hetero- and autotrophic B. Classified as Archeabacteria or Eubacteria (2 kingdoms) 1. Presence of peptitoglycan in cell wall a. Eubacteria = yes; Archeabacteria = No 2. Shape 3. How it moves 4. How it gains energy (how it eats) C. Able to survive in extreme conditions(above)

3. II. Bacteria Shapes
All of the different varieties that you will be tested on are as follows:
Streptobacillus Streptococcus
Staphlobacillus Staphlococcus
Diplobacillus Diplococcus (below)
Anthrax = Streptobaccilus (below)
Streptospirilla
Staphlospirilla
Diplospirilla

4. Bacterial Movement How does a bacterium(singular) move around?
- With a flagellum(singular) or with flagella(plural)
- Girating or Thrashing around their body
- No movement
- Endospores- Dormant phase of bacteria that is
very difficult to destroy. Revives
when conditions improve

5. Structures: J = flagellum = movement F = DNA = genetic material
E = Cell Wall = Protection
I = Ribosome = Protein
production
D = Cell Membrane = Regulates what enters and leaves the
bacterium
A = Plasmid = Compact circle of DNA for exchange with another
G = Pili = Extends a pathway to another cell in order to exchange
plasmids. This is called conjugation. Conjugation
causes DNA exchange and modification like sexual
reproduction, but does not cause bacterium to
multiply. Bacteria multiple via binary fission.

6. How do Bacteria Eat? Heterotrophic = eats other organisms
- Photoheterotrophic = eats other organisms
and makes own food
from light
- Chemoheterotrophic = eats other organisms
and makes own food from
chemicals
Autotrophic = makes their own food
- Photoautotrophs = only uses light to make own
food
- Chemoautotrophs = only uses chemicals to make
own food

7. Is Bacteria Harmful or Helpful?
Harmful Helpful
- flesh eating Cheese (some)
- Botulism Yogurt
- salmonella Medicine (cortisol)
- Strep-Throat Decomposers
- E. Coli E. Coli(aids digestion)
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Allows Fermentation

8. Fungi Fungus Life-Cycle: 1. Starts as a spore = fertilized fungus egg
2. The spore lands and starts to sprout hyphae(pl)
3. Hyphae branch out to find food and
other hyphae with which to mate
4. After hyphae fertilize each other
spores are distributed above
surface by the
“Fruiting Body” (mushroom) mushroom

9. Mushroom Anatomy Be able to identify these structures: Cap Gills Stalk
Spores
Mycelial Threads

11. Viruses Are they even alive? Reproduce? Cells? Grow?
8 Characteristics of living things
- reproduce
- consume resources
- DNA
- Responds to environment
- Cells
- Growth/development
- Evolution
- Homeostasis
Reproduce?
Cells?
Grow?
Consume Resources?

12. Virus Parts Parts of a Virus a. Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
b. Capsid = protein coat. Many different
types.
c. Envelope = some have an outer coating
over the capsid to find and
attach to cells.
d. Tail = may be present to help inject
nucleic acid into host cell.

13. Virus Classification Classified by: - Shape a. Phage/Bacteriophage
b. Round
c. Rod
d. Polyhedral
- DNA or RNA
- Does it have an envelope

14. Attack of the Viruses
How do they get into the body? What are the modes of transmission?: -1 Airborne
-2 Ingestion(usually eating)
-3 Body Fluid Exchange
Examples: Common cold, flu, HIV, Ebola, cold sores, herpes, chicken pox, smallpox, measles, mumps, hepatitis, West Nile Virus
How a virus attacks the body:

15. The Lytic Cycle Step 1: Virus Recognizes cell Step 2: DNA/RNA is
injected
Step 3-6:Vrius makes
cell produce
more viruses
until the cell
membrane splits
(lyses)

16. The Lysogenic Cycle 1) The virus injects its DNA
2) The viral DNA is integrated
into the cell’s DNA
3) The infected cell
divides and makes
more infected cells
4) Cells will enter
lytic phase
sometime
in the future
HIV= Lysogenic Cycle
AIDS = Lytic Cycle

17. The Immune Response
Macrophages consume the foreign particles and release antigens
Antigens are used by the T-Helper cells to make T-cells and B-cells
T-cells bind to infected cells it recognizes and kills them. (first phase of counterattack)

18. The Immune Response(cont.)
4. B-cells can turn into two different things:
A. Memory B cells -Stay in the blood stream for decades at a time as a formula for the antibodies for that particular disease(antigen)
B. Plasma cells -Produce antibodies that mark and sometimes disable antigens until they can be destroyed. (second phase of counterattack)