1. Clinical Applications
Skeletal System
Clinical Applications

2. Osteoporosis
20 million people suffer from it (250,000 hip fractures a year)
Decreased bone mass
Increased susceptibility to fracture
Hormones effect osteoblast production
Afflicts entire skeletal system

3. Risk factors Body build (shorter females at greater risk)
Weight (adipose produces estrone)
Smoking (decreases estrogen levels)
Calcium deficiency or malabsorption
Vitamin D deficiency
Exercise (sedentary more at risk)
Certain drugs (alcohol, diuretics, cortisone, tetracycline)
Premature menopause
Family history

4. Paget's Disease Accelerated remodeling of bone tissue
Osteoclast resorption massive
Osteoblast formation extensive
Irregular thickening and softening of bones
Greatly increased vascularity, especially in skull, pelvis, and extremities
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Cleft lip
Cleft palate
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6. TMJ Temporomandibular joint disease
Often caused by trauma to jaw joints, genetics, or dental procedures
Symptoms include facial pain, headaches, grinding of teeth, popping of jaw, and swallowing difficulties
Not well defined in medical community

7. Epidural anesthesia
Repeated doses of a local anesthetic in the epidural space of he spinal area
Produces almost pain- free awake state throughout labor and birth

8. Advantages Freedom from pain during labor and birth
Does not produce drowsiness
Little medication reaches baby
May provide extra confidence

9. Disadvantages May slow labor Must remain in bed IV required
Frequent monitoring required
Catheterization required
Probable forcep delivery
Can interfere with maternal-infant bonding
Totally dependant on hospital staff
Extremely rare, serious risks to spine

10. Kyphosis: “Hunchback”
Exaggeration of the thoracic curve

11. What causes kyphosis? Tuberculosis of spine- Degeneration of discs
vertebral bodies partially collapse
Degeneration of discs
Rickets (lack of vitamin C)
Poor posture
Advanced osteoporosis

12. Lordosis: “Swayback” Exaggerated lumbar curve
Exaggeration of the lumbar curve
Exaggerated lumbar curve

13. What causes lordosis? Pregnancy or extreme obesity
Result of increased weight gain
Pregnancy or extreme obesity
Poor posture
Rickets
Tuberculosis of spine
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14. Scoliosis Lateral curvature Lateral bending of the vertebral column
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Lateral bending of the vertebral column
Lateral
curvature

15. What causes scoliosis? Congenital malformed vertebrae (birth defect)
Chronic sciatica (pain down leg)
Paralysis of muscles on one side of backbone
Poor posture
One leg shorter than other

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17. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
median nerve which runs through wrist to hand becomes compressed
involves narrow bony passage in wrist called carpal tunnel, through which nine tendons and median nerve must pass

18. Bunion Deformity of great toe Lateral division of proximal phalanx
Can be inherited or caused by tight fitting shoes

19. Flatfoot Bones composing arch of foot held by ligaments and tendons
Weakened ligaments and tendons causes arch to “fall”
Caused by excessive weight, postural abnormalities, weakened tissue, and genetic disposition

20. So easy a two year old can do it!! So easy Miley Cyrus can do it!!
Name those bones

21. testicular tumor “face”