1. DO NOW

2. Study for Quiz What is the cell cycle? Describe cancer cells.
What is interphase?
What happens in G1? G2? S?
When does interphase happen?
What is the purpose of mitosis? What is the product of mitosis?
What happens in P? M? A? T?
What is the purpose of meiosis? What is the product of meiosis?
What happens in P1? M1? A1? T1?
What happens in P2? M2? A2? T2?

3. Protein Synthesis - Making Proteins
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation and how they result in the expression of genes
What do we have to do? (What’s the verb?

4. Protein Synthesis - Making Proteins
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation and how they result in the expression of genes
What do we have to do? EXPLAIN

5. Protein Synthesis - Making Proteins
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation and how they result in the expression of genes
What do we have to do? EXPLAIN
Explain the basic process of transcription AND translation.
How they result in the expression of genes.

7. Proteins Review Proteins are chains of amino acids = polypeptide
Proteins run living organisms
Enzymes
control all chemical reactions in living organisms
Structure
all living organisms are built out of proteins
made by a “protein factory” in cytoplasm
protein factory = ribosome
In cytoplasm
cytoplasm
nucleus
build proteins
ribosome

8. Proteins and DNA Our body is constantly making proteins
mRNA
Our body is constantly making proteins
Proteins do all the “work”
Where do we find the instructions for making proteins?
DNA
The DNA is a code for protein construction
How do we read the DNA code for making proteins?
Protein synthesis!
We read the DNA “code” in small sections (genes) when we need to make a new protein. (All the time!)
Each gene = new protein
Protein

9. DNA Review DNA is in the nucleus DNA Structure
Contains genes = instructions for making proteins
DNA Structure
Made of nucleotides
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
cytoplasm
nucleus

10. Protein Synthesis 2 Main steps:
Synthesis = the process of building or making something
Protein synthesis = the process of building proteins.
2 Main steps:
Transcription (DNA  RNA)
Translation (RNA  Protein)

11. Key Point #1 – DNA must be copied DNA mRNA
Imagine you are an architect of a very special building, would you let your only set of blue prints leave with the builder?
DNA does not leave the nucleus, so in order to make proteins, we need to make a copy = messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transcription is the process of copying the DNA to mRNA
Occurs in the nucleus
Once complete the mRNA travels to the cytoplasm to be read by the ribosome
We call this process Transcription because the DNA code is being transcribed.

12. Key Point #1: Transcription Overview DNA (Nucleus)  mRNA (Cytoplasm)
protein
translation
Ribosome
trait

13. Transcription Key Point #2 DNA vs. RNA
deoxyribose sugar
nitrogen bases
G, C, A, T
T : A
C : G
Double stranded
Stays in the nucleus
RNA
ribose sugar
nitrogen bases
G, C, A, U
U : A
C : G
Single stranded
Created in the nucleus
Can leave the nucleus

14. Protein Synthesis: Transcription (Making a copy of DNA  RNA)
How does transcription work?
DNA strand is the template (pattern)
match bases (uracil instead of thymine)
CG
GC
T A
A U (instead of T)
RNA polymerase = Enzyme
Helper molecule
Similar to what process?
DNA replication
Except we are only making 1 strand and replacing the T with U

15. What does transcription look like???
Transcription Step 1
Double stranded DNA unzips A G T C A G T C

16. Transcription Step 2 TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC DNA
Match RNA bases to DNA bases on one of the DNA strands
Uracil instead of Thymine is matched to A
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG U
DNA A G C
RNA
polymerase U
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA A G A C C T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T
mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

17. Matching bases of DNA & RNA
U instead of T is matched to A
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA
Preview of Translation – next class!!!
ribosome U C A G

18. cytoplasm
protein
nucleus
ribosome U C A G
trait

19. Lets Practice
DNA STRAND:
GAATTACA
CCAATTAG
ATAGACAG
CCAGTACA

20. Create the following table onto LEFT page
DNA
BOTH
RNA

21. Create the following diagram on the LEFT page
DNA
Both
RNA
Create the following diagram on the LEFT page

22. Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA
contains genetic information
used in transcription
Can leave the nucleus
double stranded
cannot leave the nucleus
single stranded
made up of phosphates, sugars and nitrogen bases
A=U
A=T
use G, C and A
used in DNA Replication
uses the sugar ribose
uses the sugar deoxyribose
Sort the following bullets into the category it should go into the chart you just made.

23. DNA Both RNA Both are used in transcription Double stranded
Made up of phosphates, sugars and nitrogen bases
Contain genetic information
Use G, C and A
Double stranded
A=T
Uses the sugar deoxyribose
Cannot leave the nucleus
Used in DNA Replication
Single stranded
A=U
Uses the sugar ribose
Can leave the nucleus
Used in translation