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Biology
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Photo Credit: Duomo Photography, Inc.
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9-1 Chemical Pathways
Food serves as a source of raw materials for the cells in the body and as a source of energy.
Animal Cells
Animal
Mitochondrion
Plant
Photo Credits: left: ©Bob Gurr/DRK Photo; middle bottom: ©John Durham/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. ; middle top: ©Ron Boardman/Stone; right: ©Keith Porter/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Plant Cells
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Both plant and animal cells carry out the final stages of cellular respiration in the mitochondria.
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Animal Cells
Mitochondrion
Inner membrane
Photo Credits: left: ©Bob Gurr/DRK Photo; middle bottom: ©John Durham/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. ; middle top: ©Ron Boardman/Stone; right: ©Keith Porter/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Plant Cells
Matrix
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5. Chemical Energy and Food
One gram of the sugar glucose (C6H12O6), when burned in the presence of oxygen, releases 3811 calories of heat energy.
A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
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6. Chemical Energy and Food
Cells don't “burn” glucose. Instead, they gradually release the energy from glucose and other food compounds.
This process begins with a pathway called glycolysis.
Glycolysis releases a small amount of energy.
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7. Overview of Cellular Respiration
If oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain make up a process called cellular respiration.
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8. Overview of Cellular Respiration
What is cellular respiration?
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9. Overview of Cellular Respiration
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried
in NADH and
FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. The Krebs cycle and electron transport take place inside the mitochondria.
Mitochondrion
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10. Overview of Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
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11. Overview of Cellular Respiration
The equation for cellular respiration is:
6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy
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12. Overview of Cellular Respiration
Each of the three stages of cellular respiration captures some of the chemical energy available in food molecules and uses it to produce ATP.
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13. Overview of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. The Krebs cycle and electron transport take place in the mitochondria.
Glycolysis
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. The Krebs cycle and electron transport take place inside the mitochondria.
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
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Glycolysis
What happens during the process of glycolysis?
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.
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Glycolysis
ATP Production
At the beginning of glycolysis, the cell uses up 2 molecules of ATP to start the reaction.
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
4 ATP
Glycolysis is the first stage in cellular respiration. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
Glucose
2 Pyruvic
acid
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Glycolysis
When glycolysis is complete, 4 ATP molecules have been produced.
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
4 ATP
Glucose
2 Pyruvic
acid
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Glycolysis
This gives the cell a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
4 ATP
Glucose
2 Pyruvic
acid
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Glycolysis
NADH Production
One reaction of glycolysis removes 4 high-energy electrons, passing them to an electron carrier called NAD+.
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
4 ATP
Glucose
2NAD+
2 Pyruvic
acid
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Glycolysis
Each NAD+ accepts a pair of high-energy electrons and becomes an NADH molecule.
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
4 ATP
Glucose
2NAD+
2 Pyruvic
acid 2
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Glycolysis
The NADH molecule holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules.
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
4 ATP
2NAD+
2 Pyruvic
acid 2
To the electron transport chain
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Glycolysis
The Advantages of Glycolysis
The process of glycolysis is so fast that cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds.
Glycolysis does not require oxygen.
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Fermentation
Fermentation
When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by a different pathway. The combined process of this pathway and glycolysis is called fermentation.
Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.
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Fermentation
During fermentation, cells convert NADH to NAD+ by passing high-energy electrons back to pyruvic acid.
This action converts NADH back into NAD+, and allows glycolysis to continue producing a steady supply of ATP.
Fermentation does not require oxygen—it is an anaerobic process.
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Fermentation
What are the two main types of fermentation?
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Fermentation
The two main types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
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Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes.
The equation for alcoholic fermentation after glycolysis is:
pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
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Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid.
This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. It regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.
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Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose into lactic acid.
Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose into lactic acid. The first part of the equation is glycolysis. The second part shows the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid.
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Fermentation
The first part of the equation is glycolysis.
Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose into lactic acid. The first part of the equation is glycolysis. The second part shows the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid.
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Fermentation
The second part shows the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid.
Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose into lactic acid. The first part of the equation is glycolysis. The second part shows the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid.
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Fermentation
The NADH molecule holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules.
By doing this, NAD+ helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell.
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Fermentation
The equation for lactic acid fermentation after glycolysis is:
pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+
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9-1
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9-1
The raw materials required for cellular respiration are
carbon dioxide and oxygen.
glucose and water.
glucose and oxygen.
carbon dioxide and water.
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9-1
Glycolysis occurs in the
mitochondria.
cytoplasm.
nucleus.
chloroplasts.
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9-1
The net gain of ATP molecules after glycolysis is
3 ATP molecules.
2 ATP molecules.
3 pyruvic acid molecules.
4 pyruvic acid molecules.
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9-1
Fermentation releases energy from food molecules in the absence of
oxygen.
glucose.
NADH.
alcohol.
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9-1
The first step in fermentation is always
lactic acid production.
the Krebs cycle.
glycolysis.
alcohol production.
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40. END OF SECTION