1. Projected changes to aquaculture

2. Based on…….

3. Outline Freshwater aquaculture (tilapia, milkfish, freshwater prawn)
Vulnerability of freshwater aquaculture
Coastal aquaculture/mariculture (giant clams, corals, trochus, sea cucumbers)
Vulnerability of coastal aquaculture

4. Tilapia
Food security
Lake restocking to replace Mossambique Tilapia with Nile Tilapia
PNG ,000 households with tilapia farms

5. Tilapia Livelihoods Cage culture Semi-intensive ponds Aquaponics
PNG ,000 households with tilapia farms

6. Tilapia Tilapia farming is expanding in the region Samoa has 35 farms
Fiji produces tonnes per year
Solomon Islands has begun an Inland Aquaculture project to support emerging farmers
A tilapia hatchery has been established in Vanuatu

7. Milkfish 30 – 80 t per year in Guam 5 – 15 t per year in Kiribati
Four farms in Palau
Capture-based culture trials in Fiji, Solomon Islands and Tonga
Brackish ponds
Freshwater ponds
Cage culture for food, tuna-bait

8. Freshwater prawn Macrobrachium
Hatchery-based culture (M. rosenbergii)
Capture-based culture (M. lar)
Fiji produces about 25 t per year

9. Vulnerability of freshwater aquaculture

10. Tilapia, freshwater prawn
Likely to benefit from climate change
Higher rainfall and warmer temperatures will allow farming in more places and at higher altitudes.

11. Tilapia, freshwater prawn
Some areas with increased rainfall or cyclones may become more prone to flooding
DFF (Fiji) Ltd freshwater prawn Farm
Cyclone Mick, December 2009

12. Tilapia, freshwater prawn
Stratification from higher temperatures causes de-oxygenation – aeration needed

13. Milkfish
Increased temperatures will extend the geographical range and season of fry collection
Risk from ocean acidification?

14. How should we respond? Build fish ponds to avoid more severe floods
Photo: Avinash Singh

15. How should we respond?
Increase aeration to combat stratification

16. Conclusion
Freshwater pond aquaculture is likely to be favoured by climate change
Source: Pickering et al. (2011)

17. Coastal aquaculture

18. Annual value Pearl and shrimp farming dominate
Comprise >90% of total value

19. Livelihoods
Shrimp
Pearl

20. Restocking
Sea cucumber
Giant clam
Trochus
Green snail

21. Vulnerability of mariculture

22. Marine fish, shellfish
Mariculture of fish and shellfish faces major uncertainties
Possible effects of acidification on larval fish and shells
Applies to giant clams and cultured corals

23. Aquatic animal diseases
Higher temperature are likely to increase prevalence of pathogens
The nature and extent of future disease risks are not clear
White Spot Virus WSV

24. Adaptations Grow ornamentals at greater depth (cooler waters)
Identify sites where CO2 is reduced
Selective breeding for resilience to acidification

25. See Chapter 11 for vulnerability of pearl oysters, shrimp, seaweed and other commodities

26. Conclusion Mariculture has development potential in years ahead
But production efficiency is likely to be progressively affected by climate change