3. Dysgraphia, Dyslexia, & O&W LLD
Revised from:
Berninger, Virginia; October 27, 2010 :Symposium on Working Memory. International Dyslexia Association Center,
Phoenix, AZ
DYSGRAPHIA: Primary area of difficulty in the orthographic system. Problems with motor memory & visual spelling patterns; may read well; poor spelling & handwriting; letter reversals; difficulty learning “sight” words; difficulty spelling short, abstract words; homophones. Poor writing skills.
DYSLEXIA: Primary area of difficulty in the phonological system but may have orthographic weaknesses as well. Problems with word-level reading, spelling, fluency. Reading comprehension is reduced due to poor decoding & likely lower than oral language skills might predict. Poor writing skills.
DYSGRAPHIA
DYSLEXIA
ORAL AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE LEARNING DISABILITY (OWLLD):
This learner has difficulty decoding, recognizing words, spelling, and writing. In addition, has reduced vocabulary, grammar, & other language skills, impacting reading comprehension & written formulation. Nonverbal intelligence may be high.
ORAL & WRITTEN LANGUAGE LEARNING DISABILITY

6. Visual-Spatial-Motor
Intellectual Functions
WISC-V = 100
TONI-4 = 106
Jane Doe
9 yrs.; 3rd
WRAT-5
Read=90
Spell=79
Arithm=82 WJ-WS=81
WF=70
App=92
MF=69
GORT5=62
Rate=60
Acc=60
Comp=75
GSRT=71
TOWL3=83
Language Functions
Visual-Spatial-Motor
Functions
WISC-V: Visual Spatial=108
Proc Speed = 65
VMI=84 Percept=111 Motor=91
JLO=113
So Cal: R/L=115
Clock Face=36
Trails A=104 Trails B=100
TVPS-3 Mem = 85
EXP: WISC-V Verbal Comp=106
COWA=90
An Nam= 109
BNT=106 / 113
REC: MAE Token=98 / Aural=93
Auditory Process: SCAN-C=83
FW=95 AFG=75
CW=90 CS=90
Executive Functions
(Attn, Speed & Plan)
CPT = Inattention
WISC-V Process Speed=77
COWA= AN=109
WRAML N/L= FW=95
Clock=36
Trails 104/100
Visual Memory
WRAML-2
Picture Mem=105
Design Mem=85
Finger Windows=95
Verbal Memory
WRAML WISC-V
Story= Digit=95
VL= N/L=95
Sent= Ari=105
N/L=105

7. Mixed Phonological & Orthographic Dyslexia
Jane Doe DOB: 11/24/09 CA: 9-1 Neuropsych Eval: 1/25/19 Speech/Lang Eval: 1/23/19
Phonological and Orthographic skills for word recognition, reading fluency, spelling, phonics
WORD IDENTIFICATION
Phonological System
/k/ /a/ /t/
Orthographic System
“C- A- T”
(Visual System Underlying Writing & Spelling)
CTOPP
Phonological Awareness 100 SLOW
Segmenting Nonwords 80
Phonological Memory 107
Rapid Symbolic Naming (RAN) 76
SCAN3-C 83: AFG 75
PAT-2 DECODING NONWORDS
91, SLOW
TOC Orthographic Processing
Conventions 81
Spelling Speed 80
Spelling Accuracy 67
Total Orthographic Ability 70
Boder Spelling SS = 68
60%/30%
Auditory Processing Disorder
Motor Dysgraphia
Language System
Receptive:
WISC-V Verbal Comp 106
MAE Token Test (directions) 93
MAE Aural Comp. 98
Expressive:
BNT Picture Vocabulary 106/113
Verbal Naming Fluency:
COWA 90
Animal Naming 42
Food Naming 95
HISTORY
Family hx of reading problems
Early language delays
IMPRESSION
Deficits in phonological & Orthographic Systems, including PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS (accurate but slow), RAPID AUTOMATIZED NAMING, Difficulty with spelling patterns. DX:
Mixed Phonological & Orthographic Dyslexia
COMPREHENSION & USE

8. Orthographic System WORD IDENTIFICATION Phonological System
NAME______________________DOB_______________________CA_______________________________________________________________________________
Phonological and Orthographic skills for word recognition, reading fluency, spelling, phonics
WORD IDENTIFICATION
Phonological System
/k/ /a/ /t/
(Sound System specific to speech) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
__________________________________
_____________________________
_______________________
Orthographic System
“C- A- T”
(Visual System specific to letters/graphemes/symbols)
______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ __________________________________________ ________________________________
_________________________
Language System
Receptive: __________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
Expressive: _____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Other: ________________________________________
_________________________________________
______________________________________
________________________________
HISTORY
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FINDINGS
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DIAGNOSES
__________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
COMPREHENSION