1. Q: What are living things made of? A: We are what we eat.
Review: Biomolecules
Q: What are living things made of?
A: We are what we eat.

2. Organic vs. Inorganic CH4 H2O Organic: Contains carbon
Inorganic: Doesn’t contain carbon

3. Carbon – A special element
It can share 4 electrons at one time.
Which allows it to form single, double or triple bonds

4. Molecular Chains of Carbon and Hydrogen
Carbon can form very long chains of molecules called HYDROCARBONS
Methane, Ethane Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane, and Decane

5. Monomer vs. Polymer What’s the difference? Monomer= Building Block
Polymer= Building

6. Life Substances a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Nucleic acids
There are 4 organic compounds that make up living things:
a. Carbohydrates
b. Proteins
c. Nucleic acids
d. Lipids

7. CARBOHYDRATES Sugars/starches Give us (animals) quick energy
Short term energy storage in the form of glycogen
Provide plants with structural support (cellulose) AND energy

8. What are carbohydrates made up of?
Carbon (C)
“-hydrate” =
water (H2O)
a common carbohydrate formula:
C6H12O6
Glucose!

9. Three Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides = 1 sugar
Disaccharides = 2 sugars
Polysaccharides = many sugars

10. Sugars Sugar names end with –ose
They have a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group.

11. Structure of Sugars
Sugars can exist as linear chains or ring structures.

12. Monosaccharides “One sugar”: Simplest type of sugar
C6H12O6
Simplest type of sugar
The building blocks of all other sugar types
examples:
fructose (fruit sugar )
glucose (blood sugar )

13. Disacharrides “Two sugars” attached with a covalent bond [C12H22O11]
(2 monosaccharides put together)
* What reaction puts them together?
examples:
lactose (milk sugar)
sucrose (table sugar)
maltose (beer sugar)

14. Condensation Reaction
Attaching monomers to make a BIGGER molecule
glucose + fructose = sucrose
monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide
A water molecule is produced as a side product.

15. Polysaccharides “Many sugars” attached with covalent bonds
(just like making disaccharides)
examples:
pasta, bread, corn starch (amylose)
plant cell walls (cellulose)

16. Recap for carbohydrates:
Made of C, H, O
In animals: used for quick energy
In plants: used for energy storage/ structural support
There are three types (mono, di, poly)
The building block of any carbohydrate is a monosaccharide.

17. Proteins Provide the structure of living things
Enzymes play an important role in chemical reactions in the cell
Are large, complex molecules

18. Elements found in proteins
C, H, O, & nitrogen (N) and sometimes sulfur (S)
The simplest part of a protein is called:
An amino acid
(there are 20 different types)

19. The 20 amino acids link together in various combinations to form different proteins
Ex: skin protein, muscle protein, blood protein, etc…

20. All proteins: Are long chains of amino acids
Are held together by covalent bonds*
* called peptide bonds
Are also called polypeptides
(because of the type of covalent bond)

21. How amino acids link: H2O is produced. . . = condensation rxn!
Peptide bond is between C & N R |
H2N--C--C--OH
| | |
H O R |
H2N--C--C--OH
| | |
H O
H is removed from one a.a. and & OH is removed from another a.a.
H2O is produced. . .
= condensation rxn!

22. Examples of Proteins:
Structural proteins- hair, nails, horns, and hooves
Muscles (all meats are protein)
Enzymes (speed up a chemical reactions)

23. Enzymes
Some chemical reactions need a catalyst to make the reaction “go”.
A catalyst is a chemical that speeds up a reaction without getting changed in the process= enzyme

24. Enzymes
Enzymes are special proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.

25. How Enzymes Work Enzymes bind temporarily to the substrate
Enzymes bind only to particular substrates

26. Things that affect reaction rates of enzymes: pH Temperature
Concentration of enzyme and substrate

27. Recap for proteins: Made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
Can be enzymes or structural
They are long chains (“trains”)
The chains are made of amino acids
(“cars in the train”)
The building block of any protein is an amino acid

28. Nucleic Acids Function: heredity (passing on traits)
They store heredity information in a code form that is responsible for making proteins
Found in all cells as DNA or RNA

29. What are DNA and RNA?
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA- ribonucleic acid

30. The elements found in nucleic acids:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus

31. DNA: the “genetic code”
DNA is found in all cells
DNA holds the master code
DNA determines how one looks and acts

32. All about RNA:
RNA is important in passing on the information from DNA

33. Monomer of Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are made of repeating units called nucleotides.

34. Recap for Nucleic Acids:
Made of C, H, O, N, and P
They are used by organisms for storage of information
DNA and RNA are examples
The building block of any nucleic acid is a nucleotide

35. The Facts on Fats: Fats are also known as lipids.
They are very important in the makeup of the cell membrane.
They are a stored energy source in animals.

36. Elements in Lipids
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
and
Oxygen (O)

37. A glycerol and 3 fatty acids
How Lipids are Put Together
A glycerol and 3 fatty acids
This one is called a “triglyceride”

38. Ester Bonds
Ester bonds are the bonds that are formed when the fatty acids attach to the glycerol molecule during a condensation reaction.

39. Types of lipids Saturated fats vs. unsaturated Unsaturated Saturated:
double/triple bonds
liquid room temp
olive oil,corn oil (usually plant fats)
Saturated:
single bonds only
solid room temp
Ex: butter, steak (usually animal fats)

41. Characteristics of lipids
Lipids are insoluble in water
Because non-polar - and do not attract to polar water molecules
Therefore, they are described as Hydrophobic

42. Recap for Lipids: Made of C, H, and O Do not have monomers
Instead they are made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Can be saturated or unsaturated
Used for long term energy storage

43. Vitamins
ORGANIC
C: Wound Healing
D: Strong bones
K: Blood Clotting

44. Minerals
Are INORGANIC