1. Chapter 2 Work-Oriented Methods
What the worker does
Tasks, tools, machines, work context.
Compared to:
Worker oriented
What the worker needs
Worker attributes: SKAOs
Hybrid
Managers and teams
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

2. Work-Orientated Time and motion Study FJA Task Inventory
DOL
Fine’s DPT
Task Inventory
Comprehensive Occupational Data Analysis System
Work Performance Survey System
Critical Incidents
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

3. Work-Oriented Time and Motion Study (Fred & Lillian Gilbreth)
Time study
Work Sampling (time on and off task)
Standard setting
Predetermined time systems (prior research)
Industry standard data
E.g. auto mechanic rates
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

4. Time & Motion Study Motion study Criticism of time and motion study
Graphs and flow charts
Micromotion analysis
Recording techniques
Video and photography
Criticism of time and motion study
Could we shorten the boring symphony piece by making it more efficient?
Couldn’t these jobs be done better by robots?
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

5. Functional Job Analysis
U.S. DoL
DOT
Handbook for Analyzing Jobs, ‘72
FJA
What gets done and the worker does
An important distinction
WORKER FUNCTIONS (DPT)
Behaviors v. results
JOB ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
Using SMEs
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

6. FJA DESCRIBING THE WORK SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS Work fields
Machine, tools, equipment, work aids
SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS
(really important)
Verb,
immediate object
Infinitive phrase
Infinitive, object
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

7. FJA OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DOL FJA Education
Specific vocational preparation
Aptitudes
Temperaments
Interests
Physical demands and environmental conditions
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

8. FJA Fine v. DoL Sidney Fine’s method DoL
Contains some features lacking in DoL
Level and orientation (level of involvement e.g. % time)
Complexity at the task level
DoL
Some worker attributes not in Sidney’s (Fine)
Temperament
Environmental conditions
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

9. FJA research reliable DPT (very reliable for Data People, not for T)
Things varied across jobs within occupations
Intellectual and perceptual requirements
reliable
Physical ability requirements
Not reliable
Provided description of virtually all jobs in U.S.
O*Net replaced it
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

10. Task Inventories As many as 100 cf to FJA (5-10) CODAP
Useful in ‘20s to 40s for skilled trades
Useful in ‘50s for USAF
CODAP
(Comprehensive Occupational Data Analysis Program) …a computerized program!
Useful for starting a job analysis
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

11. Work Orientated task analysis
SURVEY DESIGN
Background information
Sources:
observation, background materials, interviews
Structure of Tasks
Determining Appropriate level of Specificity
One of the most difficult things to do!
Selecting Response options
Demographic Data
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

12. Task Analysis DATA ANALYSIS Both CODAP and WPSS Are computerized
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

13. Critical Incident Technique (Flannagan)
Context
Behavior
Consequences
Was Ferguson MO a good example or what!
See “tips for capturing CIs”
RESEARCH ON CI TECHNIQUE
Collecting data from individuals or groups
Equally effective
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

14. CI RESEARCH
Information useful for
Constructing forms, e.g. Perf Appraisals
BOS scales (what are they?)
Identifying traits for selection
See also:
The Critical Incident Technique in Service Research Dwayne D. Gremler
Critical Incidents Method
Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods