1. Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Marla Reicks, PhD, RD: University of Minnesota
Miriam Edlefsen Ballejos, PhD, RD: Washington State University
L. Suzanne Goodell, PhD, RD: North Carolina State University
Carolyn Gunther, PhD: Ohio State University
Rickelle Richards, PhD, MPH, RD: Brigham Young University
Siew Sun Wong, PhD: Utah State University
Garry Auld, PhD, RD: Colorado State University
Carol J. Boushey, PhD, MPH, RD: Purdue University
Christine Bruhn, PhD: University of California, Davis
Mary Cluskey, PhD RD: Oregon State University
Scottie Misner, PhD, RD: University of Arizona
Beth Olson, Ph.D.: Michigan State University
Sahar Zaghloul, MBBS, Ph.D.: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al, J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).

2. Background Adequate intake is important for overall health
Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Background
Adequate intake is important for overall health
Calcium intakes fall short of recommended amounts among Asian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white (NHW)
populations
Dairy foods are important sources of calcium for many adults, but intake may be marginal for some race/ethnic groups
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).

3. Background (Continued)
Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Background (Continued)
Social Cognitive Theory can be applied to explore factors affecting calcium intake
Individual factors
Perceptions of health benefits or concern about the adequacy of calcium intake, knowledge of sources , concerns about weight gain or dairy or milk intolerance
Behavioral factors
Eating food away from home, lack of time and work stress
Socio-environmental factors
Parenting practices that enable intake of calcium-rich foods by children in the household
Few studies available on how practices that enable improved intake by children may also affect intake among parents themselves.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).

4. Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) by Salad Intake
Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) by Salad Intake
Methods
A cross sectional survey was used with 14 scales to assess attitudes/preferences and parenting practices regarding calcium-rich foods and a calcium-specific food frequency questionnaire ( ).
A convenience sample of self reporting non-Hispanic white, Hispanic, and Asian (n=661) parents in nine states completed self-administered questionnaires.
Main outcome measures were predictors of calcium intake from three food groupings - all food sources, dairy foods, and milk.
Multivariate regression analyses identified demographic, attitude/preference and behavioral factors associated with calcium intake.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).

5. Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) by Salad Intake
Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) by Salad Intake
Selected characteristics of Asian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white (NHW) parents of early adolescent children (10-13 years) (not adjusted)
a Characteristics of children of parent respondents, all other characteristics are for parent respondents. b Values with different superscripts (x, y) indicate significantly different means between
race/ethnic groups. c Numbers do not always add up to 100% due to rounding and missing data. d Federally funded programs included: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants,
and Children, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Supplemental Assistance Program, or free/reduced-price school meals.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).

6. Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) by Salad Intake
Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) by Salad Intake
Selected characteristics of Asian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white (NHW) parents of early adolescent children (10-13 years) (not adjusted) (cont’d)
a Characteristics of children of parent respondents, all other characteristics are for parent respondents. b Values with different superscripts (x, y) indicate significantly different means between
race/ethnic groups. c Numbers do not always add up to 100% due to rounding and missing data. d Federally funded programs included: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants,
and Children, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Supplemental Assistance Program, or free/reduced-price school meals.
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION

7. Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Selected characteristics of Asian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white (NHW) parents of early adolescent children (10-13 years) (not adjusted) (cont’d)
a Characteristics of children of parent respondents, all other characteristics are for parent respondents. b Values with different superscripts (x, y) indicate significantly different means between
race/ethnic groups. c Numbers do not always add up to 100% due to rounding and missing data. d Federally funded programs included: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants,
and Children, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Supplemental Assistance Program, or free/reduced-price school meals.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).

8. Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) by Salad Intake
Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) by Salad Intake
Description of measures to assess parental attitudes/preferences and practices/perceptions regarding parent and early adolescent intake of calcium-rich foods (CRF)
a Responses for all variables were reported as1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree & Don’t know except for the following: Access to CRF based on location (1 = strongly disagree, 4 strongly agree
& Don’t know), Making CRF available, Beverage expectations, and Family meal description (1 = Never, 5 = Always), Importance of calcium sources (1 =not at all important, 5 extremely important),
Parent knowledge score (1 point if correct, 0 if incorrect – 7 total points), Eating food away from home/food prepared away from home (1 = once every 2-3 months, 5 = 5 or more times per week), and
Family meals(1 = never, 5 = everyday). b Don’t know responses were considered missing data.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).

9. Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Description of measures to assess parental attitudes/preferences and practices/perceptions regarding parent and early adolescent intake of calcium-rich foods (CRF) (cont’d)
a Responses for all variables were reported as1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree & Don’t know except for the following: Access to CRF based on location (1 = strongly disagree, 4 strongly agree
& Don’t know), Making CRF available, Beverage expectations, and Family meal description (1 = Never, 5 = Always), Importance of calcium sources (1 =not at all important, 5 extremely important),
Parent knowledge score (1 point if correct, 0 if incorrect – 7 total points), Eating food away from home/food prepared away from home (1 = once every 2-3 months, 5 = 5 or more times per week), and
Family meals(1 = never, 5 = everyday). b Don’t know responses were considered missing data.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).

10. Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Description of measures to assess parental attitudes/preferences and practices/perceptions regarding parent and early adolescent intake of calcium-rich foods (cont’d)
a Responses for all variables were reported as1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree & Don’t know except for the following: Access to CRF based on location (1 = strongly disagree, 4 strongly agree
& Don’t know), Making CRF available, Beverage expectations, and Family meal description (1 = Never, 5 = Always), Importance of calcium sources (1 =not at all important, 5 extremely important),
Parent knowledge score (1 point if correct, 0 if incorrect – 7 total points), Eating food away from home/food prepared away from home (1 = once every 2-3 months, 5 = 5 or more times per week), and
Family meals(1 = never, 5 = everyday). b Don’t know responses were considered missing data.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).

11. Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Multivariate linear regression models for total calcium intake from food, dairy foods, and milk among parents of early adolescent children and parent/household characteristics, attitude/preferences, practices/perceptions, and behavioral factors
SE = standard error. aβ represents differences in average calcium intakes (mg/day) among parents based on variables as labeled and adjusted for state of residence.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).

12. Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Multivariate linear regression models for total calcium intake from food, dairy foods, and milk among parents of early adolescent children and parent/household characteristics, attitude/preferences, practices/perceptions, and behavioral factors (cont’d)
SE = standard error. aβ represents differences in average calcium intakes (mg/day) among parents based on variables as labeled and adjusted for state of residence.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).

13. Summary and Implications
Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Summary and Implications
Parent intake of calcium-rich foods was not strongly related to practices that would promote their children’s intake of calcium-rich foods
Interventions to improve calcium intake for parents should:
Focus on individual parental factors
Concern about health
Dietary adequacy
Benefits from eating calcium rich foods
Be tailored to tolerance of dairy products and typical intake
Address economical food choices
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).

14. Summary and Implications (cont’d)
Individual and family correlates of calcium-rich food intake among parents of early adolescent children
Summary and Implications (cont’d)
Additional research is needed to better understand unexpected findings
Lack of a relationship between parental calcium intake and making calcium-rich foods available for children
Positive relationship between parental calcium intake and frequency of meals eaten away from home.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Reicks M, et al. J Am Diet Assoc ; 111 (March).