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Human Resource Management TENTH EDITON
SECTION 3 Training and Developing Human Resources Robert L. Mathis John H. Jackson Chapter 9 Training Human Resources PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook © 2003 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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After you have read this chapter, you should be able to:
Learning Objectives After you have read this chapter, you should be able to: Define training and discuss why a strategic approach is important. Discuss the four phases of the training process. Identify three types of analyses used to determine training needs. Describe internal, external, and e-learning as training delivery approaches. Give an example for each of the four levels of training evaluation. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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The Context of Training
The Nature of Training Training A process whereby people acquire capabilities to aid in the achievement of organizational goals. Employers spend $60 billion on training annually. The Context of Training Organization Competitiveness and Training Training make organizations more competitive Training helps retain valuable employees Training is no longer the first casualty of a business downturn. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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The Context of Training
Organization Competitiveness and Training Training makes organizations more competitive Training helps retain valuable employees Training is no longer the first casualty of a business downturn. Training as a Revenue Source Marketing training with or alongside products can contribute significantly to a firm’s revenues. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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The Context of Training (cont’d)
Integration of Job Performance, Training, and Learning Training is moving “closer to the job” to achieve “real time” learning. Training is using more real-world problems to increase employee learning. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Performance Consulting
Figure 9–1 © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Typical Division of HR Responsibilities: Training
Figure 9–2 © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Linking Business and Training Strategies
Source: Based on ideas from Lisa A. Burke and Joseph V. Wilson III. Figure 9–3 © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Basic Business Strategy Concepts
Low-cost leader Attempting to increase market share by focusing on the low cost of the firm’s products or services, compared to competitors. Differentiation Trying to make the firm’s products or services competitively different from others in the industry in terms of quality, service, technology, or perceived distinctiveness. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Training Process Figure 9–4
© 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Sources of Training Needs Assessment
Figure 9–5 © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Establishing Training Objectives
Gap Analysis The distance between where an organization is with its employee capabilities and where it needs to be. Types of Training Objectives Knowledge: Impart cognitive information and details to trainees. Skill: Develop behavior changes in how job and tasks are performed. Attitude: Create interest and awareness of the training importance. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Elements of Training Design
Figure 9–6 © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Learning: The Focus of Training
Learner Readiness Ability to learn Learners must possess basic skills (3Rs) Motivation to learn Learners must desire and value training Self-efficacy Learners must believe that they can successfully learn the training content © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Adult Learning Principles
Learning Styles Adult Learning Principles Have need to know why they are learning something. Have need to be self-directed. Bring more work-related experiences into the process. Employ a problem-solving approach in the experience. Are motivated by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Learning Practices Active Practice Spaced Practice Massed practice
The performance of job-related tasks and duties by trainees during training Spaced Practice Several practice sessions spaced over a period of hours or days Massed practice Performance of all the practice at once. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Immediate Confirmation
Learning: Behaviors Behavior Modeling Copying someone else’s behavior by observing how another person deals with a problem. Reinforcement Law of effect states that people tend to repeat behaviors that are rewarded and avoid behaviors that are punished. Immediate Confirmation Reinforcement and feedback are most effective when given as soon as possible after training. © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Learning: Types of Training
Required and Regular Training Job/Technical Training Types of Training Developmental and Innovative Training Interpersonal and Problem-Solving Training © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Course Types and Training Expenditures
Source: Mark E. Van Buren, ASTD State of the Industry Report, 2001 (Alexandria, VA: ASTD, 2001), 13. Used with permission. Figure 9–7 © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Orientation: Training for New Employees
Achievements of Effective Orientation Co-Worker Acceptance Favorable Impression Provides Information Socialization and Integration Performance and Productivity © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Effective New Employee Orientation
Prepare New Employee Consider “buddy” mentors Use an orientation checklist Cover needed information Present information effectively Avoid information overload Evaluation and follow-up © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Training Delivery: Considerations
Nature of training Subject matter Number of trainees Individual vs. team Self-paced vs. guided Training resources Costs Geographic locations Time allotted Completion timeline © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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On-the-Job Training (OJT)
Internal Training Informal Training Training that occurs through interactions and feedback among employees. On-the-Job Training (OJT) Problems with OJT Poorly-qualified or indifferent trainers Disruption of regular work Bad or incorrect habits are passed on © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Stages of On-the-Job Training
Figure 9–8 © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Reasons for External Training
May be less expensive to outsource training Insufficient time to develop training Lack of expertise Advantages of interacting with outsiders E-Learning: Training Online © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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External Training: E-Learning
E-Learning: Training Online The using the Internet or an organizational intranet to conduct training online. Criteria for adopting e-learning: Sufficient top management support and funding Accepting the idea of decentralized and individualized training Current training methods not meeting needs Computer literacy and access to computers Time and travel cost concerns for trainees The number and self-motivation of trainees © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Developing E-Learning
Figure 9–9 © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning
Source: Developed by Lisa A. Burke. May not be reproduced without permission. Figure 9–10 © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Training Methods Training Methods Cooperative Training
Distance Training/Learning Cooperative Training Instructor-Led Classroom and Conference Training Technology and Training Training Methods © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Levels of Training Evaluation
Figure 9–11 © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Balancing Costs and Benefits of Training
Figure 9–12 © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Training Evaluation (cont’d)
Cost-Benefit Analyses Comparison of costs and benefits associated with training Return on Investment Benchmarking Training © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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Pre-/Post-Measure with Control Group
Evaluation Designs Post-Measure Pre-/Post-Measure Pre-/Post-Measure with Control Group Evaluation Design © 2002 Southwestern College Publishing. All rights reserved.
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