1. Journal #6 Archaeology – the study of the unwritten past
Migration – a movement of people from one region to another
Society – a group that shares the same culture
Culture – a set of common values and traditions
Domestication – the process of breeding plants or animals to meet human needs

2. Bonus Questions
Why is it usually cooler at the top of a mountain than it is at lower elevations?
What type of air is associated with clear, dry weather?
What is the capital of North Dakota?
What ocean borders the west coast of the U.S.?

3. The U.S. Before Columbus
1.1 and 1.2

4. Native American History
Native Americans use stories to tell about their past, these stories are passed down from generation to generation
"One day the Great Spirit collected swirls of dust from the four directions in order to create the Commanche people. These people formed from the earth had the strength of mighty storms. Unfortunately, a shape-shifting demon was also created and began to torment the people. The Great Spirit cast the demon into a bottomless pit. To seek revenge the demon took refuge in the fangs and stingers of poisonous creatures and continues to harm people every chance it gets."

5. How Historians See Native American “Myths or Stories”
They used to be seen as made up stories with no real value
Recently, some people have found stories that relate to actual events in history
Great earthquake in 1700 and Thunderbird vs. Whale

6. The First Migration to the Americas
Scientists believe that during the last Ice Age water levels dropped
A land bridge was formed between NE Asia and Alaska – this is called Beringia
People used this bridge to cross into North America between 38,000 and 10,000 B.C.
This is called The Bering Strait Theory, the people are called Paleo-Indians

8. Paleo-Indians
Paleo Indians were hunter-gatherers who eventually spread out all the way to South America
They hunted mammoths and other large animals

9. A New Climate
The Ice Age ends around 8000 B.C. and new environments form
Most of the giant animals become extinct, the Paleo Indians adapt
Domestication of maize (corn), beans, squash
These are known as the three sisters
The three sisters kept the people and the soil healthy
There is evidence of new societies

10. New Societies in South America and Mesoamerica
Olmecs – 1200 – 400 BC in Mexico, “mother culture” developed number and calendar systems and glyphs
Maya – 300 – 900 AD in Mexico, built palaces and bridges, studied math and astronomy
Aztec – 1200 – 1500s in Mexico, built Tenochtitlan in present Mexico City (300,000 people), conquered much of Mexico before they were conquered by the Spanish
Inca – 1200 – 1500s high in the mountains of South America, they made 25,000 miles of roads, palaces decorated with gold and with huge gardens and running water

11. Maya
Olmec
Inca
Aztec

12. Early Societies in North America
These had much smaller populations
Anasazi – 700 to 1300 AD in the SW-four corners area, crafts, cliff dwellings, the 3 sisters
Hopewell – 300 BC to 400 AD near the Mississippi, Ohio and Missouri rivers, built burial mounds, farmers
Mississippian – 700 to 1500 AD near the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, mound builders, farmers, traders, Cahokia is their largest city (near present St. Louis)

13. Chaco Canyon - Anasazi
Serpent Mound
Cahokia
Anasazi Pottery

16. Culture Areas
Location influenced the ways of life for many Native American societies
The areas we will learn about are
The Far North
The Pacific Coast
The West and Southwest
The Great Plains
The East

17. The Far North
The Aleut and Inuit lived in this area near present day Alaska and Canada
Fishermen who also hunted large animals
Moved with dogsleds and kayaks
Some lived in igloos, others in wooden or stone houses

18. The Pacific Coast
These people lived between SW Alaska and Northern California
Tribes: Tlingit, Nootka, Skokomish
Salmon was their most important food, they also hunted sea otters and whales from large canoes
Built houses and totems from evergreen trees
These groups had potlatch ceremonies to show their wealth and gain respect

19. The West and Southwest
Dryer than other areas, so the people had fewer resources
The Flathead and Nez Perce fished for salmon, hunted, and gathered plants in the NW
In the Great Basin, the Shoshone and Ute gathered seeds and roots and trapped small animals, they ate crickets, lizards, and rabbits
In the Southwest, the Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo hunted, gathered and farmed (Pueblo). They had religious ceremonies in their kivas

20. The Great Plains
The Great Plains stretch from Canada to Texas, from the Rockies to the Mississippi River
Grassland with millions of buffalo, tribes hunted and some grew crops – the three sisters
Mandan (North Dakota), Pawnee, Apache, Arapaho, Blackfoot, Comanche, Sioux

21. The East Tribes in the East had lots of resources
In the Southeast the Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole lived in villages, farmed, hunted, gathered, and traded
Northeastern tribes included the Iroquois and Algonquian
Algonquians lived in large lodges, and in wigwams
The Iroquois lived in longhouses and created the Iroquois League