1. Circulatory System

2. Blood Formed Elements erythrocytes - hemoglobin
leukocytes - immune function
platelets - clotting
Plasma
water
salts (electrolytes)
nutrients
wastes
proteins
albumins, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen

6. Lymphatic System

7. Age Related Changes - Blood
1. Few Changes
all parameters fairly stable
fibrinogen increases with age (25% by age 70)
small increase in viscosity
decrease in red bone marrow
(decline in reserve capacity)

8. Age Related Changes (Heart)
Structural
1. Loss of muscle cells replaced with connective tissue
2. Accumulation of lipofuscin (up to 7% of volume)
3. Endocardium thickens, valves thicken and harden, calcify
Functional - Little Change in Healthy Inds. At Rest
1. Decrease in Cardiac Reserve (capacity to exercise)
2. Increase in Blood Pressure

9. Age Related Changes (Vessels)
1. Decrease Elasticity of Vessels (arteriosclerosis)
decrease elastin, increase collagen,
increase crossbridges
2. Thickening of Arterial Walls
3. Decrease in lumen volume
4. Increase in peripheral resistance
hypertrophy of left ventricle

10. Age Related Pathologies
Atherosclerosis- normal or pathological ?
Multifactorial disease
Age-related changes vs. Environ. Factors
Endothelial Damage - platelet involvement
Macrophage infiltration - “foam cells”
Increase Cell Proliferation (intima) - atheroma
Deposition of Lipids - dependent on serum lipids
LDL vs. HDL
Calcification

11. Atherosclerosis

13. Fibrous Plaque

14. Myocardial Infarction

15. Risk Factors 1. High blood cholesterol
(especially LDL or "bad" cholesterol over 100 mg/dL)
2. Cigarette smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke
3. High blood pressure
4. Diabetes mellitus
5. Obesity
6. Physical inactivity

16. Hypertension Elevation of Blood Pressure with Age
Systolic/Diastolic e.g. 140/90
Result of Arteriosclerosis/ Atherosclerosis
Leads to kidney Damage
Increase risk for stroke, aneurysm, CHD

17. Coronary Artery Disease
Insufficient blood flow to
cardiac muscle
Ischemic Heart Disease
Angina
Thrombus
Myocardial Infarction

18. Congestive Heart Failure
Cardiac Insufficiency - heart too weak to pump
enough blood (decrease in cardiac output)
Blood pressure drops
Blood pools in veins
Kidney function adversely affected
If left ventricle most affected, blood pools on pulmonary side
leading to pulmonary edema