1. RESPIRATION

2. ACTIVITY 1
Write down as many terms as you can that are used to describe the respiratory system
Bullet point your answers

3. The air continues into many branching airways known as the bronchial tree
The trachea and bronchi have supporting cartilage to keep the airways open
Bronchiole walls contain more smooth muscle.
The airways from the nasal cavity through the terminal bronchioles are called the conducting zone
The air is moistened, warmed and filtered as it flows through these passageways
The air then reaches the respiratory zone

4. The respiratory zone
The respiratory zone contains alveoli, tiny thin walled sacs where gas exchanges occurs.
Terminal bronchi
Alveoli
Alveolar macrophage – cleans
Simple squamous epithelium – is were respiration occurs
Surfactant – stops water tension collapsing the alveoli
Lets now look at the actual site of diffusion, the respiratory membrane

7. ACTIVITY 2 Complete the following worksheets: WS.1 Worksheet 5.1

8. ACTIVITY 3
Highlight the key words within the following text on IS 1

9. MECHANICS OF RESPIRATION DURING EXERCISE
What muscles are involved?
Inspiration – SCOM (sternocleidomastoid), scalenes & pectoralis minor
Expiration – internal intercostals & rectus abdominals / obliques

10. Sternocleidomastoid (SCOM)

12. Scalenes
                                  

13. ABDOMINALS

14. ACTIVITY 4
Highlight the key words on IS 2

15. Respiratory system – 3 main processes
Pulmonary respiration
The breathing of air into and out of the lungs
External respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood
Internal respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and muscle tissues

16. RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AT REST
Tidal volume (TV)
Amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath (approx 500ml)
Frequency (F)
Rate of breathing
Minute Ventilation (VE)
VE = TV X f
Residual volume (RV)
Volume of air remaining in the lungs (1200ml)

17. RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AT REST (Cont’d)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal
tidal breath in. The maximum volume of air that can be
inspired in addition to the tidal volume.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
The amount of additional air that can be pushed out
after the end expiratory level of normal breathing
*see IS 3

18. LUNG CAPACITIES Inspiratory capacity = IRV + TV
Expiratory capacity = ERV + TV
Vital capacity
Maximal volume of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration
Total lung capacity
Maximal volume of air contained in the lungs after a maximal inspiration
TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

19. Control of breathing
Respiratory Control Centre (RCC) regulates breathing.
Located in the medulla oblongata
Respiratory muscles – involuntary neural control
RCC – 2 areas
Inspiratory centre
Expiratory centre

20. Important terminology
Chemoreceptors from within the carotid arteries send information to the inspiratory centre on chemical changes
Proprioceptors – muscle movements
Thermoreceptors – blood temperature
Baroreceptors – stretch receptors

21. NEURAL CONTROL DURING EXERCISE
Associated muscles (inspiratory centre):
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis minor
Associated muscles (expiratory centre):
Internal intercostals
Rectus abdominus
Obliques

22. This is summarised on IS 4 Complete WS2