1. The effects of acute/ Short term exercise on the respiratory system
Respiratory response: increase in breathing rate (neural and chemical control); increased tidal volume.

2. Short Term - The mechanics of breathing
When we start to exercise, such as during a warm up the mechanics of breathing alter considerably
This can help to explain how we breathe in faster and deeper during exercise, and therefore help you to answer part of the first two questions.
This increases the amount of air that reaches the alveoli in the lungs.

3. Mechanics of breathing - Inspiration
During exercise,
More muscles are involved
The sternocleidomasoid, sclanes and pectoralis major are now involved as well as the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
This means that the sternum lifts further and faster than it does at rest
Muscles work harder
The external intercostals and diaphragm in particular flattens with more force

4. Mechanics of breathing - Expiration
During exercise
Becomes an active process
Internal intercostal muscles now contract
They pull the rib cage down
More muscles are involved
Rectus abdominus/obliques now contract as well
The diaphragm pushes up harder into the thoracic cage.

5. Changes to lung volume
Give an example based on a football player that is working at maximum intensity
Eg. He has just sprinted flat out to get on to a through ball.
What changes would you expect to see in the different lung volumes from rest to this maximal exertion.
There is an example on the next slide that will help you with this, and allow you to illustrate your answer

6. Respiratory volumes Tidal Volume
The volume of air inspired or expired per breath (Approx 500ml at rest)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The amount of space that is available to draw in more air
Eg; Breathe in normally, then breathe in more. This extra capacity is your IRV
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The amount of space that is available to breathe out, once you have exhaled normally
Eg: Breathe out normally, then force out more air. This is your ERV.

7. Respiratory volumes Residual Volume Vital Capacity Total Lung Capacity
Take in as much breath as possible
This is your total lung capacity
ERV+IRV+TV+RV (Approx 6000ml)
Residual Volume
Breathe out as much as possible
There is always some air left in your lungs
This is your RV (Approx 1200ml)
Vital Capacity
Breathe in as much as you can, and then force as much air out of your lungs as possible.
This is your IRV+ERV+TV, and is your Vital Capacity

8. Lung volumes example Lung Volume Resting Volume Change due to exercise
Tidal Volume (X)
500ml per breath
Increases up to 4 times
Frequency
12-15
Increases up to 60
Minute Ventilation (VE)
6l/min
Up to 175l/min in large aerobically trained athletes
Inspiratory reserve Volume
3000ml
Decreases
Expiratory reserve Volume
1200ml
Vital Capacity
4700ml
Slight decrease
Residual Volume
Total Lung capacity
5900ml

9. Short term effects – why does our rate of breathing get faster and deeper
Breathing is controlled by the Respiratory control centre
Located in the medulla oblongata
Split into inspiratory and expiratory centres
Controls the respiratory muscles that initiate breathing
They are under involuntary neural control
We don’t normally consciously control our breathing rate

10. During exercise Chemeroceptors located in the veins
A number of things stimulate the Respiratory Control Centre to work harder
When our muscles use Oxygen, we produce Carbon Dioxide.
Chemeroceptors located in the veins
send information to the RCC
Detect the increased content of Carbon Dioxide in the blood and the decrease in Oxygen
This stimulates the RCC to increase the rate and depth of breathing.

11. Long term effects – Vital Capacity
Maximum amount of air that you can produce after you breathe out as hard as you can
After 6 weeks of training, your respiratory muscles will become stronger.
This means that you will be able to use your external intercostal muscles and sternocleidomastoid muscles to breathe in deeper
And your internal intercostal muscles, abdominals and obliques to push more air out of the body
This will result in an increase in vital capacity

12. P1/P2/M1

13. Assessment Ideas… Leaflet Information Brochure Power Point
Spider Diagrams for each system
-Remember… If you are going for Merit: you only explain in further detail (using examples, sports and wider reading) the musculoskeletal, CV and Respiratory systems.

14. Some added help, questions for you to answer in your work…
What are the acute effects of exercise on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
-         What causes these responses? What happens during steady state and maximal exercise
-         What are the acute effects of exercise on the skeletal and muscular systems
-          What are the acute effects of exercise on the energy systems
-         What causes these responses, how do the energy systems work together, What happens during exercise of different intensities and maximal exercise.