1. Pearson Prentice Hall Physical Science: Concepts in Action
Chapter 6
Chemical Bonds
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2. 6.1 Ionic Bonding Objectives:
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6.1 Ionic Bonding
Objectives:
1. Explain when an atom is unlikely to react
2. Indicate one way in which elements can achieve a stable electron configuration
3. Express how the structure of an ionic compound affects its properties
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3. When Atoms are Unlikely to React
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When Atoms are Unlikely to React
When the highest occupied energy level (the outer shell) is filled with electrons (valence electrons), the atom is stable and unlikely to react
Like your Nobel Gasses
The valence electrons can be represented by a special drawing called an electron dot diagram
Remember the rule.
Two electrons in the first shell
Eight in the second
Eight in the third
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4. Achieving Stable Electron Configurations
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Achieving Stable Electron Configurations
Atoms can become stable by filling their outer shells with electrons
Some elements achieve stable electron configurations by transferring electrons between atoms
The gain or loss of electrons between the atoms then produces full shells & stability

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TYPES OF IONS
The gain or loss of electrons also produces an atom with a net positive charge (lost one or more electrons) or a net negative charge (gained one or more electrons)
Definition: an ion is an atom with a net positive or net negative charge
Definition: an anion is an ion with a net negative charge
Definition: a cation is an ion with a net positive charge

6. Definition: a chemical bond is the force that holds atoms or ions together as a unit
Definition: an ionic bond is the force that holds cations and anions together
Definition: an ionic bond is the bond that forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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7. Structure and Properties
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Many ionic compounds are solid at room temperature
IONIC COMPOUNDS GENERALLY CONSIST OF A METAL + A NONMETAL
Their molecular structure has an orderly repeating three dimensional structure called a lattice
Definition: solids whose particles are arrange in a lattice are called crystals
The properties of an ionic compound can be explained by the strong attractions among the ions in a crystal lattice

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6.2 Covalent Bonding

9. How Atoms Are Held Together in a Covalent Bond
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Definition: a covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of valence electrons
Definition: a molecule is a neutral group of atoms that are joined together by one or more covalent bonds
The attractions between the shared electrons & the protons in each nucleus hold the atoms together in a covalent bond
It is possible for more than one pair of electrons to be shared producing a double or triple covalent bond

10. Polar Attractions
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Attractions between polar molecules are stronger than attractions between nonpolar molecules
“Like attracts like”: polar molecules are attracted to polar molecules while nonpolar molecules are attracted to nonpolar molecules
Q: What does the subscript 2 in the formula for the hydrogen molecule (H2) mean?

11. Unequal Sharing of Electrons
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IN GENRAL, COVALENT MOLECULES CONSIST OF TWO NONMETALS
Definition: a polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally
When atoms form a polar covalent bond, the atom with the greater attraction for electrons has a partial negative charge
The other atom has a partial positive charge
Water is an example
WATER IS “MICKEY MOUSE” AND HE’S COLD.
WATER MOLECULE IS POLAR
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12. Factors that Determine Polarity
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Factors that Determine Polarity
The type of atoms in a molecule and its geometric shape are factors that determine whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar
Example: CO2 is linear, while the water molecule is bent