1. Five Kingdoms Classification Plant Systematic

2. Major Divisions of Life:
Taxonomic rankings:
Species (smallest)
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom

3. Five Kingdoms Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

5. Kingdoms Monera bacteria, blue-green algae, and spirochetes
Protista protozoans and algae of various types
Fungi funguses, molds, mushrooms, yeasts, mildews, and smuts
Plantae (plants)mosses, ferns, woody and non-woody flowering plants
Animalia (animals)sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

7. Kingdom Protista: Most diverse organisms Animal-like called protozoa
Plant-like called algae
Do not have roots, stems, leaves
Both multi-cellular and uni-cellular
One of major producers of nutrients and oxygen

8. Algae
Six phyla
Euglenoids
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Green
Red
Brown

9. Classification of Algae
classical schemes based on cellular properties

10. Algae
eucaryotes that have chlorophyll and other pigments for carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis
lack well-organized vascular conducting system
have simple reproductive structures
phycology
study of algae

11. Distribution of Algae primarily aquatic planktonic benthic neustonic
suspended in aqueous environment
phytoplankton
algae and small aquatic plants
zooplankton
animals and nonphotosynthetic protists
benthic
attached and living on the bottom of a body of water
neustonic
live at water-atmosphere interface

12. Distribution… some terrestrial on moist surfaces
endosymbionts in protozoa, mollusks, worms, and corals
endosymbionts, epiphytes, and parasites of plants
associate with fungi to form lichens

13. Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form)
thallus (pl., thalli)
body of an alga

15. Algal Reproduction Asexual fragmentation spores binary fission
thallus breaks up and each fragment forms a new thallus
spores
zoospores – flagellated motile
aplanospores – nonmotile
binary fission
mitotic nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division

16. Reproduction… sexual oogonia (s., oogonium)
relatively unmodified vegetative cells in which eggs are formed
antheridia (s., antheridium)
specialized structures in which sperm are formed
zygote
product of fusion of sperm and egg

17. Green Algae Most diverse Major pigmentation is chlorophyll
Most live in freshwater, some in oceans, moist soil, tree trunks, in snow, and even in fur of sloths
Can reproduce sexually or asexually
Have a complex life cycle

18. Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
wide diversity of body forms
some have holdfasts
reproduce both sexually and asexually

19. e.g., genus Chlamydomonas
Unicellular forms:
e.g., genus Chlamydomonas
*fresh water alga
stigma – aids in
phototaxis

20. Colonial form Pandorina (simple colony) *16 cells.
*Asexual by daughter colonies
*Sexual by fusion of motile anisogametes and zygote gives motile zoospores and divided to form daughter colonies.

21. Colonial Green Algae Volvox sp.
500-5,000 cells arranged to form a hollow sphere
Cells are connected by strands of cytoplasm, move together
A few cells are specialized for reproduction
New colonies develop w/in existing colonies

22. Volvox

23. CHLOROPHYTA--Volvox ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
SPHERICAL COLONY OF HUNDREDS OF FLAGELATTED CELLS (colony is motile)
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
A SURFACE CELL DROPS INSIDE BALL AND BY MITOSIS PRODUCES DAUGHTER COLONY.
PARENT COLONY EVENTUALLY BURSTS TO RELEASE DAUGHTER COLONIES.

24. CHLOROPHYTA--Volvox Sexual Reproduction:
Haploid heterogametes (egg and sperm) from within the parent colony.
Sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid zygote.
The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce 4 haploid nuclei within the zygote. Only one nucleus survives. It is released as a spore from the zygote and produces a new haploid colony by mitosis.

25. CHLOROPHYTA--Volvox Shows some DIVISION OF LABOR within the colony:
Vegetative cells
Sperm producing cells
Egg producing cells
Daughter colony-producing cells

26. Order Volvocales - have flagellated cells and colonies with glycoprotein cell walls Family Volvocaceae - colonial, flagellated cells Volvox sp. - colony of algal cells, usually 500 or more, cells are biflagellated with the colony moving (swimming) as a unit.  The spaces between the cell is filled with water and mucilage.  The large cells inside are daughter colonies formed by cell divisions (asexual reproduction).  Eventually colony ruptures releasing the daughter colonies.

27. CHLOROPHYTA--SPIROGYRA
Filamentous with spiral chloroplast in each cell
Forms green “scum” in ponds
Pyrenoids (sites of starch storage) occur in the chloroplast
Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation of the filament.

28. CHLOROPHYTA--SPIROGYRA
Sexual reproduction by conjugation of isogametes:
Two haploid filaments line up.
Conjugation tube forms between each adjacent pair of cells.
The contents of one cell moves through the conjugation tube and fuses with the contents of the other = diploid zygote.
Thick-walled zygospore forms from zygote.
The zygospore overwinters.

29. CHLOROPHYTA--SPIROGYRA
In spring, the zygospore undergoes meiosis to produce 4 haploid nuclei. Only one survives and divides by mitosis to make a new vegetative filament.

30. Colonial Green Algae Spirogyra sp. Freshwater
Forms long thread like colonies called filaments stacked end to end

31. Spirogyra reproduce sexually by conjugation

32. Asexual reproduction
is performed by formation of daughter colonies which are produced by specialized reproductive cells called "gonidia" (singular, gonidium).

33. Sexual reproduction is oogamous
Sexual reproduction is oogamous. The gametes are differentiated into female and male gametes. Female gametes are non-motile and are called eggs and are formed in special reproduction these cells called "oogonia". The male gametes are small and motile each is provided with two flagella and is formed in special reproductive cells called "antheridia". When male gametes are liberated from the antheridium they are attracted with the eggs, and one succeeds in fertilizing the eggs. The zygote forms a thick wall and is transformed to resting zygospores which after a period can germination of the zygote.

34. Volvox may represent three evolutionary lines of development:
Volvox may represent three evolutionary lines of development: *An increase in the number of cells of the colony. *The specialization of certain cells for reproduction. *Advancement in sexual reproduction from isogamy to oogamy.

35. Division: Euglenophyta
Division: Euglenophyta *Euglenoids can be found in fresh water in which decaying organic matter is present. *The pigments, chlorophyll and carotenoids give the plant a green colour and are contained in plastids. Unlike the blue- green algae the cell possesses an organized nucleus.

37. Phylum Euglenophyta

38. Division Euglenophyta
CHLOROPHYLL a and b
carotenoids, xanthophylls
Store food as PARAMYLON
1 TO 3 flagella
NO cell wall
PELLICLE
submembrane protein
(glucose polymer)
fresh water habitats
HAVE STIGMA
photosensetive eyespot

39. Unicellular - Euglenophyta
Ex. Euglena
Found in ponds and lakes around the world
Possess chloroplasts–photosynthetic(autotroph)
Can also be heterotrophic and absorb decaying organic matter
Two flagella
Eyespot-cluster of red pigment-not a real eye
No cell wall but have a pellicle
Reproduce by binary fission

40. Reproduction Asexual reproduction by longitudinal cell division starting from the front end of the cell

41. Sexual reproduction No sexuality is known in Euglena.

42. Division: C h r y s o p h y t a
Division: C h r y s o p h y t a *The Chrysophyta vary in colour from greenish yellow to golden brown as a result of the predominance of carotenes and xanthophylls. *The food reserves includes "leucosin" a complicated carbohydrate and oils, starch is not formed. In some members the cell wall consists of two overlapping halves and is impregnated with silica. *Members of this division vary in shape. They may be unicellular, motile; or the cells may form colonies, or they may be filamentous multicellular or tubular structure with many nuclei and no cross walls (coenocytes). ***The plants of this division are usually divided into three classes, the yellow green, golden browns and the diatoms.

43. "jewels of the sea"
Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) : Diatoms are present in large numbers in almost all types of water: salt, brackish, and fresh.

44. An accumulation on the ocean floor of the siliceous cell walls of diatoms has result in enormous deposits of fossils, which now on land are referred to as diatomaceous earth.

45. Usage of Diatomaceous earth
Usage of Diatomaceous earth * a carrier for liquid nitroglycerin in dynamite. * abrasive in toothpaste. *It is employed extensively in the filtration of liquids. *An excellent insulting material, especially at high temperatures, * in boilers and blast furnaces, small amounts of it in cement greatly increase the strength of concrete.

46. Structure of the diatom cell:
Structure of the diatom cell: Two major groups of diatoms are known the centrals in which the cell is usually rounded and pinnales in which the cell is elongated. Chemically, the wall composed of pectin and silica. The protoplast of a diatom consists of cytoplasm, a nucleus and one or several plastids bearing a golden-brown pigment that masks the chlorophyll. Food is stored in the form of oil. The cell contains a large central vacuole.

48. What are diatoms? Diatoms are single celled algae that have two hard coverings of silica, SiO2, (almost identical to opal). [2,3] The two sides are called the epitheca and hypotheca; they fit together like a box and lid or petri dish, the epitheca overlapping the hypotheca. [2]

49. Reproduction of Diatoms
Two individuals come in contact within
a mucilaginous envelop. The nucleus of
each cell divides meiotically to form four
haploid daughter nuclei out of these four
nuclei in each cell, two nuclei then
degenerate. The protoplast of each
cell divides to form two gametes of
unequal sizes each having a nucleus,
gamates of one cell fused with the gametes
of the other cell to form two zygospores.
The two mate zygotes elongate to form
auxospores, which develop valves and
form new diatoms.

50. Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown Algae “dusky plants”
Contain chlorophyll a and c & fucoxanthin a brown accessory pigment
Dark yellow brown color
Largest & most complex of the algae
Found in cool, shallow coastal waters of temperate or arctic regions

51. Phaeophyta – Sagassum sp.
Sargassum sp. – form huge floating mats many km long in an area known as the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda
Also found on beaches of Caribbean and southern US

52. Phaeophyta – “Giant kelp”
Giant kelp – grows to 60m

53. Phaeophyta – Fucus sp. Fucus has a holdfast to anchor alga to bottom
Body is of stipes - flattened stem like structures
Blades are leaf like structures
Gas filled bladders keep alga upright in water

54. PHAEOPHYTA-Brown Algae
multicellular cold water seaweeds
Fucoxanthin – brown pigment
food stored as laminarin (future energy source?)
source of iodine & algin – used in ice cream

55. PHAEOPHYTA-Brown Algae
most structurally complex algae
shows tissue differentiation
body is a flat thin thallus
exhibit the Diplohaplontic Life Cycle (as do the higher plants)

56. PHAEOPHYTA: Fucus Fucus (rockweed) has a flat and dichotomous thallus
found in coastal waters
holdfasts for anchorage
air bladders for buoyancy
receptacles contain conceptacles which produce gametes

57. Uses of Algae Major food source for life in the ocean – phytoplankton
Produce much of the Earth’s oxygen through photosynthesis
Nori-dried Poryphora – used to wrap sushi
Carrageenan in ice cream, salad dressings, pudding, candy, chocolate milk
Other products from algae - pancake syrup, egg nog
Chemicals from algae are used in plastics, waxes, transistors, deodorants, paints, lubricants, artificial wood
Agar derived from algae is used to thicken nutrient mixtures in labs used to grow bacteria