1. Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System Heat Work Mass
Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings.
Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved.
Heat is energy in transit.
Universe
System
Surroundings
Heat
Work
Mass
Equilibrium = macroscopic variables describing the macrostate do not change in time
The above system is open.

2. Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System Heat Work
Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings.
Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved.
Heat is energy in transit.
Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings.
Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved.
Universe
Surroundings
System
Heat
Work
The above system is closed.

3. Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System Work Mass
Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings.
Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved.
Heat is energy in transit.
Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings.
Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved.
Universe
Surroundings
System
Work
Mass
The above system is undergoing an adiabatic change.

4. Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System
Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings.
Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved.
Heat is energy in transit.
Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings.
Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved.
Universe
Surroundings
System
The above system is isolated.

5. Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System System Wall
Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings.
Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved.
Heat is energy in transit.
Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings.
Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved.
Universe
Surroundings
System
System Wall
The above system is isolated.

6. Thermodynamics Universe Surroundings System Heat System Wall
Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings.
Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved.
Heat is energy in transit.
Concerns the study of the Equilibrium properties (or quasi-static equilibrium) of a system and its surroundings.
Temperature is a variable, and heat and work are somehow involved.
Universe
Surroundings
System
Heat
System Wall
The above is an example of a diathermal wall.

7. Example: pV – nmRT = 0 (ideal gas law)
Equations of state
An equation of state is a mathematical relation between state variables, e.g. p, V & T.
This reduces the number of independent variables to two.
General form: f (p,V,T) = 0
Example: pV – nmRT = 0 (ideal gas law)
Defines a 2D surface in p-V-T state space.
Each point on this surface represents an unique state of the system.
f (p,V,T) = 0
Equilibrium state:
macroscopic variables do not change in time!

8. Joule’s apparatus for measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat
1 cal = J will raise temperature of water by 1 C (14.5 C to 15.5 C)

9. Specific heats of ideal gases
Now that we have an expression for the internal energy of an ideal gas, we can calculate the specific heats: