1. NUR 425 Decision Making in Clinical Practice Lecture 4 (Part A): ethical decision making

2. Ethical dilemma is defined as a problem involving a choice between equally desirable or equally unsatisfactory alternatives to the different or competitive assignment of priorities and responsibilities, or to a problem without a satisfactory solution (George & Grypdonck, 2002).
Moral distress is defined as “a psychological disequilibrium and negative feeling state experienced when a person makes a moral decision but does not follow through by performing the moral behavior indicated by that decision” (Wilkinson, 1988, p. 16)
(Wolf & Zuzelo, 2006)

3. Situations when ethical dilemma occurs:
Nurses encountered ethical dilemmas when resources were limited, such as during the nursing shortage.
They experienced moral stress in situations in which they had no control and patients lacked autonomy.
External factors prevented nurses from doing what was best for patients.
(Wolf & Zuzelo, 2006)

4. Purpose of nursing ethics
To inspire questions and examine what would be the ethically right action in health care situations demanding a choice between at least two undesirable alternatives.
Ethics deals with the construction and validation of criteria for judging a person’s behavior.
(Toren & Wagner, 2010)

5. Define the ethical dilemma;
Ethical decision-making model: a tool for the analysis and resolution of dilemmas
Steps and criteria that can be used to analyze and resolve any ethical dilemma
Define the ethical dilemma;
Clarify the personal and professional values, ethical principles and laws involved;
Identify the alternatives for action;
Choose an action;
Initiate discussion about unresolved issues;
Generalize the solution to other similar cases.
(Toren & Wagner, 2010)

6. 1. Define the ethical dilemma
In order to identify the contradictory values, to recognize the key components of a dilemma situation, the dilemma must be defined.
This definition is sometimes confused with summarizing the story.
Questions need to be raised about the meaning of the situation to all the participants and how the behavior of the nurse and the decision of the manager will affect them.
(Toren & Wagner, 2010)

7. 2. Clarify the personal and professional values, ethical principles and laws involved
Personal values are based on what you value as important in the dilemma situation: for example,
‘keeping a promise’, ‘doing no harm’, ‘maintaining professional integrity’, etc.
Professional values are based on nursing codes of ethics and on the values, principles and responsibilities that are relevant to the dilemma situation.
Country laws and regulations are related to health care systems, patients’ rights etc.
(Toren & Wagner, 2010)

8. 3. Identify alternatives for action
All possible actions must be identified.
Looking only for the most conventional or routine action must be avoided.
4. Choose an action
Choose the best option for action from the alternatives identified in the previous stage.
5. Initiate discussion about unresolved issues
Discuss and evaluate the process of the action, including what worked, and what did not work, for determining recommendations and future actions.
6. Generalize the solution to other similar cases
Formulate policy guidelines for similar cases.
(Toren & Wagner, 2010)