1. Making of the Modern World
Genocides

2. Schedule 1. Introduction 2. Origins and Concepts 3. Examples
4. Problems
5. Ethnic cleansing
6. Conclusion

3. Hersch Lauterpacht,
Raphael Lemkin,

4. Genocide Geno- cide Genos – Greek, birth, race, family, tribe
Occidere – Latin,
to fall, die

5. Schedule 1. Introduction 2. Origins and Concepts 3. Examples
4. Problems
5. Ethnic cleansing
6. Conclusion

6. Holocaust: the quintessential genocide
Auschwitz II – Birkenau 1945

7. UN definition of genocide
Article II
In the present convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
United Nations Convention on Genocide, approved by the General Assembly on December 3, 1948

8. Article III
Punishable are:
Genocide
Conspiracy to commit genocide
Direct and public incitement to commit genocide
Attempt to commit genocide
Complicity in genocide

9. Political groups
Raphael Lemkin wanted to have economic, political, social, and cultural groups included.
Were included in first drafts.
Soviet Union and others did not agree.
Such groups were then removed from the convention convention, but persecuting/killing of those groups stay ‘crimes against humanity’.

10. Schedule 1. Introduction 2. Origins and Concepts 3. Examples
4. Problems
5. Ethnic cleansing
6. Conclusion

11. Examples for 20th Century genocide or massacres
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire – 1,500,000 deaths
Ukrainian and Kazakh famines in Soviet Union, 3.3 – 7.5 Million deaths (Ukraine), 1.5 – 2.3 Million deaths (Kazakhstan)
: Holocaust – 6,000,000 deaths
: Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia – 500, ,000,000 deaths
Chinese after Japan invaded mainland China – 20,000, ,000,000 deaths; 200, ,000 in Nanking massacre alone
1994: Rwanda – 800,000 deaths

12. The Armenian Genocide

13. http://www.holodomor.org/ The Ukrainian Famine (Holodomor), 1932-193413

14. Was the Ukrainian famine 1932-1934 a genocide?
Result of forced collectivization and disruption of agriculture ( )
Bad weather and bad harvest in Ukraine
Breaking of resistance of peasantry against collectivization OR Directed foremost against Ukrainian nation, was accompanied by arrests of Ukrainian Bolsheviks and intellectuals
Hunger also in other regions: Starvation in Kazakhstan, 1.5 Million or more dead, 1.3 Million of them Kazakhs (= 38% of all Kazakhs in Soviet Union)
Undisputed: crime against humanity and overall responsibility for mass death (5 millions or more) of Ukrainian peasants with Stalin and regime
Man-made famine: grain requisitioned when people were already starving, continuation of grain export, famine regions blocked off, refusal to accept foreign aid
Denial
The term democide was introduced by the academic R.J. Rummel. It is "the murder of any person or people by a government, including genocide, politicide, and mass murder”

15. Rate of population decline in Ukraine and South Russia, 1929-1932

16. Schedule 1. Introduction 2. Origins and Concepts 3. Examples
4. Problems
5. Ethnic cleansing
6. Conclusion

17. Why is it so difficult to stop genocides?
The principles of state sovereignty and non-interference stand against the international responsibility to protect citizens of genocidal states.
The UN represents states, not peoples.
Each of the five permanent members of the Security Council can use its veto to prevent UN sanctioned military intervention.
According to genocide watch, since founding of United Nations:
Over 55 genocides and politicides
Over 70 million dead

18. What is necessary to prevent genocides?
Early warning
Rapid response
Courts for accountability
Gregory Stanton, Research Professor in Genocide Studies and Prevention, George Mason University, Virginia and founder and president of Genocide Watch

19. The Ten Stages of Genocide
Dr. Gregory Stanton
Genocide Watch
© Gregory Stanton

20. Source: Holocaust Memorial Day Trust, https://www. hmd. org

21. Schedule 1. Introduction 2. Origins and Concepts 3. Examples
4. Problems
5. Ethnic cleansing
6. Conclusion

22. Ethnic Cleansing From the Serbo-Croatian: etničko čišćenje
Ethnic cleansing is “the expulsion of an ‘undesirable’ population from a given territory due to religious or ethnic discrimination, political, strategic or ideological considerations, or a combination of these”
Andrew Bell-Fialkoff

23. Bosnia- Herzegovina

24. Examples of ethnic cleansing
“National operations“ in the Soviet Union : resettlement of so called “Diaspora nations” in Soviet Union
German policy in parts of Eastern Europe (expulsion of Poles from Western Poland, resettlement of “Volksdeutsche” (ethnic Germans living outside the borders of the German Empire) in those territories
Wolhynian massacres (mass killing of Poles by Ukrainian nationalist partisans) in Western Ukraine – expulsion of Poles 1943/44
Population exchange between Poland and the Soviet Union
Expulsion of Germans from Poland and Czechoslovakia
Resettlement of Crimean Tatars, Chechens, Ingushetians after 1945 in Soviet Union
: Bosnia-Herzegovina: “Ethnic cleansing” by Serbian nationalists of territory inhabited by Bosnian Muslims ,000 deaths

26. Conclusion
Ethnic cleansing is a widespread phenomenon in 20th c. history and can be implemented by a state or by a nationalist movement
The differences between ethnic cleansing and genocide are fluid
There is a tension between the concepts ‘crimes against humanity’ and ‘genocide’.
Genocides and crimes against humanity can only be prevented or the perpetrators be prosecuted if they are crimes punishable in international law.
While genocides are not uncommon in history, the Holocaust is unique in this respect because of the goal of universal annihilation and the modern methods used.