1. Mutations! 1

2. Recall from our previous PowerPoint that…
DNA contains the genetic information for cells to make proteins.
proteins determine a variety of traits, from hair color to an organism’s ability to digest food.

3. What is protein? Proteins are…
made up of molecules called amino acids.
Amino acids are compounds made in the body which combine to form proteins.

4. What is protein? Proteins…
perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including DNA replication.

5. What is protein? Proteins…
differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes.

6. RNA
RNA (ribonucleic acid) carries the genetic code from the DNA inside the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell.

7. RNA There are 4 nitrogen bases that make the rungs (steps) of the
ladder in RNA:
- Adenine always
bonds to Uracil
- Guanine always
bonds to Cytosine

8. Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Three types of rna
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

9. Three types of rna
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – copies the message (code) from DNA in the nucleus and carries the code to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

10. Three types of rna Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) –
makes up the ribosomes where the proteins are built.

11. Three types of rna Transfer RNA (tRNA) –
brings amino acids to the ribosomes to build the proteins.

12. NEVER leaves the nucleus
DNA vs. RNA
DNA
RNA
double stranded
single stranded
has Thymine
has Uracil
sugar = deoxyribose
sugar = ribose
NEVER leaves the nucleus
leaves the nucleus

14. Why RNA Is Just As Cool As DNA
Complete the listening guide in your notes

15. And by the way, every cell in your body has about 6 mutations in it!!!
SO…what causes a
And by the way, every cell in your body has about 6 mutations in it!!!
MUTATION?

16. Progeria-the aging disease-life expectancy 13 years
A mutation…
is any change in a DNA
sequence
usually happens during
DNA replication
in sex cells may
affect an individual’s
offspring/children
in body cells may
affect the individual
Progeria-the aging disease-life expectancy 13 years

17. mutations can be… harmful, leading to cancer, aging, and birth defects
beneficial, making an
organism survive better
in its environment
neutral, having no
effect on the organism

19. Types of Gene Mutations
Point mutation-occurs when the base sequence of a codon is changed.
Example:
GCA is changed to GAA
There are 3 types:
Substitution
Deletion
Insertion
Also called frameshift mutations

20. Causes of mutations
Mutations can be
inherited, caused by
environmental agents,
or happen spontaneously.
A mutagen is anything
environmental that can
cause a change in DNA.
- X-rays, sunlight, chemicals in tobacco

21. This is a good time for some practice on the different types of MUTATIONS!!

22. Time for the Amoeba Sisters Again!!
Complete the listening guide in your notes