1. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries

2. MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Rise of universities Rising community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Interest in the idea of human potential and progress

3. MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
recovery of classical texts (mathematics) Renaissance pattern of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigation

4. John Napier Scottish landowner.
Scottish landowner.
Invented LOGARITHMS (easier way to do calculations with large numbers)
Also famous for bring the decimal point into common use

5. GEOCENTRISM
PTOLEMY was Greco-Roman astronomer who lived in Roman- conquered Alexandria Egypt (c. AD 100).
Earth is the center of the Universe
(prevailing theory for 1500 years)
15th century Italian painting

6. Polish mathematician and astronomer.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish mathematician and astronomer.

7. Nicolaus Copernicus Polish mathematician and astronomer.
Polish mathematician and astronomer.
HELIOCENTRIC SOLAR SYSTEM
(On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres)
The sun is at rest near the center of the Universe, and that the Earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the Sun.

8. Johannes Kepler German mathematician Three Laws of Planetary Motion
German mathematician
Three Laws of Planetary Motion
All planets move around the sun in an elliptical pattern
Velocity of a planet’s orbit is not uniform
Time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun

9. Galileo Galilei Italian astronomer & mathematician
Italian astronomer & mathematician
First European to make regular observations with telescope
(mountains on the moon, sunspots, moons on Jupiter)

10. GALILEO (cont’d.)
Promotion of Copernican ideas landed him in hot water with the Catholic Church.
Humans no longer the center of the Universe.
He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy” in 1633, and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest.

11. Isaac Newton British mathematician Created a better telescope
British mathematician
Created a better telescope
Three Laws of Motion

12. THREE Laws of Motion
Objects in motion keep moving in a straight line unless forced by outside pressure to change direction.
Outside force acting on an object moves the object in the direction of the force.
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Woolsthorpe Manor

13. Sir Francis Bacon
English philosopher
Scientific Method

14. Cogito, ergo sum Rene Descartes
I think, therefore I am.
Rene Descartes
French philosopher & mathematician (geometry & algebra)
Father of modern rationalism: REASON IS THE CHIEF SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE
He asserted that he would accept ONLY those things that is reason said were true.

15. SIMON stevin Flemish (Dutch) Made popular the decimal system in Europe
Flemish (Dutch)
Made popular the decimal system in Europe
Introduced the mathematical symbols: +, -, =, x

16. Robert Boyle Irish Chemist Conducted controlled experiments
Irish Chemist
Conducted controlled experiments
Transformed alchemy into chemistry

17. Margaret Cavendish British writer and playwright
British writer and playwright
Wrote one of the earliest examples of science fiction: “The Blazing World”
Wrote “Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy” which promoted Scientific Revolution ideas such as naturalism: natural properties versus supernatural

18. Otto von Guericke Tycho Brahe German Danish astronomer First vacuum
Danish astronomer
Created an observatory
Most precise instruments for measuring the movement of the stars before the invention of the telescope.
German
First vacuum
Led to the future steam engines.

19. William Gilbert Christiaan huygens English physicist Dutch astronomer
Dutch astronomer
Founded wave theory of light
Created the pendulum clock in 1636
Measure small units of time
English physicist
Magnetism
Static electricity

20. Andreas Vesalius Paracelsus Belgian physician Swiss physician
Swiss physician
Specific illnesses have specific causes
Belgian physician
Vascular and circulatory systems
Understanding that the heart works as a pump.
“Father of Anatomy
Got into trouble for stealing dead bodies - moved to Italy

21. Gabriel Fahrenheit Anders Celsius
Swedish astronomer
Zero degrees freezing
One hundred degrees boiling
German physicist, merchant & instrument maker
Created the modern mercury thermometer (in glass)

22. ANTON van Leeuwenhoek Dutch merchant Improved the microscope
Dutch merchant
Improved the microscope
Laid the foundations for microbiology
Discovered bacteria, blood cells
Discovered the protozoa (single-celled organism)
Called them “animalcules”

23. AGE OF REASON Period in which natural sciences flourished.
Started in the 17th century and reached its high zenith in the 18th century.
[1687]
Newton publishes “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”
[1543]
Copernicus publishes “On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
[c. 1455]
Gutenberg prints Bible
[1633]
Galileo tried by the Spanish Inquisition
[1700s]
Age of Reason
Heliocentrism
Heliocentrism
3 Laws of motion
Enlightenment
Mass produced books