1. ACCELERATORS AND DETECTORS
1. What do they consist in ?
2. How do they work ?
3. How to improve their capacities?
One-week programme / HST 2006

2. 3. How to improve their capacities ? 3.1. The accelerator features
ACCELERATORS
1. What do they consist in ?
1.1.The basic components
2. How do they work ?
2.1. The principle
2.2. The different types
3. How to improve their capacities ?
3.1. The accelerator features
3.2. The technical problems
3.3. LHC and the last performances
One-week programme / HST 2006

3. (electrons, protons, ions) The magnets
1. What do they consist in?
1.1. The basic components
The sources
(electrons, protons, ions)
The magnets
(how to bend and focus the beam)
The resonant cavities
Booster, injection and storage ring
The 2 multiple intersecting beams
One-week programme / HST 2006

4. 2. How do they work?
2.1.The principle : Designed to gain energy and bend the particles’ trajectory
One-week programme / HST 2006

5. Linear and circular accelerators
2. How do they work?
2.2. The different types
Linear and circular accelerators
Fixed target and colliding beams
One-week programme / HST 2006

6. 3. How to improve their capacities ?
3.1. The accelerators’ features
The luminosity
The stability of the beam
One-week programme / HST 2006

7. 3. How to improve their capacities?
3.2. The technical problem
The quality of vacuum
The brunch length and the phase stability
The loss of energy and the measures of compensation
The momentum, the curvature and the rotation frequency
Strong magnet, power consumption and superconducting technology
One-week programme / HST 2006

8. 3. How to improve their capacities ?
LHC and the last performances
One-week programme / HST 2006

9. 1.2. Structure of a detector 2. How do they work ?
DETECTORS
1. What do they consist in ?
1.1. Overview of a detector
1.2. Structure of a detector
2. How do they work ?
2.1. The different types of measurement
2.2. The different types of interaction
2.3. The particles’ properties
3. How to improve their capacities ?
3.1. What is an ideal detector?
One-week programme / HST 2006

10. Electromagnetic calorimeter
1. What do they consist in?
Interaction
point
Precision vertex
detector
tracking
Magnetic
spectrometer
Electromagnetic calorimeter
Hadronic calorimeter
Muon detectors
1.1. Overview of a detector
One-week programme / HST 2006

11. 1.2. The structure of a detector
1. What do they consist in ?
1.2. The structure of a detector
The tracking detectors
a. Ionization detectors
wire chamber detector (ALEPH as ‘old detector’)
silicon detector (ATLAS as ‘new detector’)
b. Scintillation detectors ( Cherenkov radiation)
The electromagnetic calorimeter (Crystal)
1.2.3.The hadronic calorimeter (iron, uranium)
The muon detector
One-week programme / HST 2006

12. 2.1. The different types of measurement
2. How do they work?
2.1. The different types of measurement
Measurement occurs via the interaction of a particle with the detector which creates a measurable signal by
Ionisation
Excitation/Scintillation
Change of the particle trajectory p e- p e- g
One-week programme / HST 2006

13. 2. How do they work?
2.2. The different types of interaction
scattering
annihilation
Production of new particles

14. 2.3. The particles' properties
2. How do they work?
2.3. The particles' properties
The particle properties : energy, momentum, charge, masse, life time, spin and decay modes
The direct measurable ones : energy and momentum
The derivative ones : mass, charge and life time
One-week programme / HST 2006

15. record the full interaction
3. How to improve their capacities?
3.1. What is an ideal detector?
One could
record the full interaction
capture and measure all properties of all emerging particles
and by this, reconstruct the complete event.
One would
give us the power to compare the interaction directly to theoretical predictions without most uncertainties
One-week programme / HST 2006