1. The Art of Ancient Greece and Rome
Sculpture
Architecture

2. Ancient Greece 650 B.C. – 150 B.C. Origin of Western Civilization Art
Architecture
Poetry
Drama
Philosophy
Mathematics
History
Science
Literature
Government
Law
Democracy
Harmony and order
Individual thought
Concept of democracy – government by the people
Art expressed humanism and showed direct proportions and anatomy

3. • Ancient Greece Modern Asia Turkey Minor ITALY
Athens and Sparta two main City-States. Sea trade was very important.
Ancient
Greece

4. During the Classical Period
Greek Architecture
During the Classical Period
480 – 323 BC
“Golden Age” of Greek culture. Art was IDEALIZED - anatomical perfection with balanced composition.
Broad and continued influence on modern architecture.

5. Artist’s drawing of the Acropolis, Athens c. 438 BC
“polis” meant City-state in Greek.
Artist’s drawing of the Acropolis, Athens c. 438 BC

6. Acropolis
Nearly every Greek city had an acropolis (“high city”) – a walled fort for protection
As the city moved outwards, Athens's acropolis became the religious center
Athens's acropolis was the premier temple complex in all of Greece
Hill is dominated by two temples to Athena
Parthenon and Erechtheum

7. Erechtheum Parthenon The Acropolis Today
The colors have worn away and most sculptures removed.
Sept. 26, 1687 the Parthenon was destroyed in an explosion while under Turkish rule.
Structures made of mostly marble.
The Acropolis Today

8. DORIC ORDER The Parthenon 447 – 438 BC Art Elements: What do you see?
LINES
SHAPES
Pediment
Entablature
Capital
Pediments and Entablatures were entirely covered in relief sculpture. West Pediment – contest between Athena & Poseidon. East Pediment – birth of Athena. 15 years to construct.
What lines do you see? Doric columns rise directly from the temple floor. Style repeated throughout Greece and the Western world.
DORIC ORDER
The Parthenon – 438 BC

9. Rendition of the Original Parthenon
Golden statue of Athena in the center.

10. The Parthenon
detail of interior frieze
Depicts idealized Athenian soldiers on horseback

11. IONIC ORDER North front of the Erechtheum
Built in honor of the king Erechtheus. Small temple on north side of the Acropolis.

12. Caryatids on the Erechtheum Porch
Sculptural columns
Classical ideal of youth, beauty, perfect proportions
Warning!!! Betrayal will be punished
The city of Carya joined with the Persions in war against the Greeks. These Caryan women are suffering the burden and crime of the Caryans – they are being humiliated and punished.

13. CORINTHIAN ORDER Temple of Zeus 6th Century B.C.E.
Used mostly in colonies
Taller with leaf capital
Favorite of Romans
Colossal temple at the center of Athens that was dedicated to Zeus. Completed by the Romans. Reduced to ruins and plundered for materials after the fall of the Roman Empire.

14. Greek Vase Painting
Virtually all paintings and frescoes of ancient Greece have been destroyed
Visual record is saved on pottery
Most displayed geometric pattern and figure drawing
Scenes often related to function of pot showing heroes or gods

15. Amphora Analatos c. 700 BC Geometric patterns Do figures look real?
Painter
c. 700 BC
Geometric patterns
Do figures look real?

16. What are they doing? Amphora by Exekias c. 530 BC Archaic Period
During Archaic period, potters developed the “black-figure” technique. Black “slip” was painted onto the piece wherever figures were to be
Incised with details after firing. Larger figures and smaller geometric patterns. Figures are stylized.
Figures are playing a game of dice.
Amphora by Exekias c. 530 BC

17. GREEK SCULPTURE Classical Period 5th-4th Century BC
The Discus Thrower
by Myron c. 480 – 450 BC
Original was bronze
only copies remain
Elements of Classical Style
Anatomical detail
Sense of motion
S-curves
Idealized youth and beauty
Serene facial expression
Located in the British museum.

18. Aphrodite de Melos Original c. 480 - copy c. 150 BC Who is she?
6’ 8” tall
Rescued from scrap pile
Now in Louvre Museum in Paris
Better know as?
Also known as Venus de Melos. The Goddess of Love.

19. The Art of Ancient Rome
509 BCE – 476 CE
Architecture
Sculpture

20. Roman Empire included:
Entire Mediterranean and Black Sea worlds
All of western Europe
Ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia

21. Ancient Rome Recognized greatness of Greek art Borrowed from it
Added emotion and realism to sculpture to honor and celebrate Roman leaders and citizens
Changed architecture with development and use of cement, concrete, and supporting arches

22. Portrait Bust of Julius Caesar
Created as Julius Caesar was attempting to become emperor
Portrait busts were the specialty of Roman artists—there are thousands!
Usually marble or bronze
Many busts were originally painted
What makes this bust look realistic?
Sunken cheeks, lines around mouth, wrinkled brow
50 BCE, marble

23. Realistic, detailed, & expressive
Remember these were once colorful and painted (including eye details). Note the hairstyles of the time. Even imperfections (warts & wrinkles) are included.
Realistic, detailed, & expressive

24. Augustus of Prima Porta
Portrayed as orator (outstretched arm) and General (dressed in a breastplate)
Larger than life
How does this sculpture show movement?
Position of feet, legs, arm
Where does this sculpture show texture?
Hair, breastplate, draped clothing
19 BCE, marble, 7’ high

25. The Colosseum Rome, Italy
curved lines
Colosseum in Rome, Italy. Romans were excellent city planners and engineers. Perfected the use of ARCHES for increased support and developed CONCRETE and CEMENT.
Covers 6 acres and holds 50,000. Two levels of tunnels and cells under a wooden floor for animals and gladiators. Still one of the largest buildings in the world.
arches
Built from cement & concrete
How is this different from Greek building?

26. Different column type on each level
Much of the stone has been removed for other buildings. Pope Benedict XIV stopped this scavenging to preserve the building around Columns not used for support. 4 levels with 3 different column types – one on each of the 3 lower levels.
Different column type on each level

27. Name that column
DORIC
IONIC
CORINTHIAN

28. The Arch of Constantine
Arches were constructed at battlefield sites to celebrate victory
Relief sculptures show heroes of the battle
Roman arches contain a central KEYSTONE

29. Trajan’s Column Trajan conquered what is today Romania
650 ft spiral band includes 150 separate episodes
Includes thousands of figures
100’ high (125’ with statue)
Spiral staircase inside leads to top
The column detail shows intricate battle scenes. First visual documentary of a historical event.

30. Astoria Column Patterned on Trajan’s Column Pictorial frieze
Built to honor:
Captain Robert Grey
Lewis and Clark
Arrival of the Great Northern Railway
Story reads from bottom up
Interior staircase that leads to cupola

31. The Pantheon (Rome, Italy)
CE. Stone, marble, concrete, bronze. Dome resting on a cylindrical base. Wall are 20 ft. thick! Entrance (portico) similar to the Greek Parthenon.
Build as temple to all the Roman gods – Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Saturn, Venus. Still in use today.
Crowning achievement in Roman architecture and most well preserved. Every country in the Western world has borrowed the Pantheon design, including the U.S. Capitol building.

32. What kind of columns are these? Corinthian!
Marcus Agrippa – between battles where he lead troops in fighting for Rome, he served as minister of buildings and roads. This was not considered a very prominent position, but he made the most of it. He built parks, widened aquaducts, cleaned up Rome brick by brick, and was responsible for the construction of the Pantheon.
Who commissioned the Pantheon?
Marcus Agrippa

33. The dome represents the dome of heaven and used to be gilded
Yes, that is a hole in the roof! It is called an oculus (eye)
The repeating recessed squares within the dome reduce its weight and mass
Niches in the walls contain statues of famous Romans
Floor covered in decorative marble
The oculus provides the only light to the space. Yes it does rain inside! Perfectly symmetrical.
Interior of Pantheon c 1740 Giovanni Pannini

34. Lakewood Center Built in 1893 Rebuilt in 1928 with the current façade
Originally a school in Lake Oswego.

35. Greek or Roman? GREEK! GREEK! ROMAN! ROMAN! ROMAN! GREEK! Columns?
Base with step?
Pediment?
Bust?
Niche?
Arch with keystone?

36. Roman 2-D Art

37. View of a Garden from Villa of Livia Fresco
20 BCE
Rome, Italy
What makes this fresco symmetrically balanced?
Wealthy Romans decorated their walls with art to show the outdoors (before windows). 9’ 2’’ fresco wall painting. Held in Museo delle Terme in Rome, Italy.
Art Elements: Balance in color and shape.
What did Ancient Romans do if they did not have a view from a real window?
Paint the view on the wall
Can you spot the birds in the air and the fruit on the trees?

38. Entry and Atrium with Dog Mosaic
Pompeii, Italy
Mosaics made of pieces of limestone, marble and glass covered floors in wealthy Pompeian homes.
Some warned BEWARE OF DOG with the Latin words “cave canem”. Which word do you think means dog?

39. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
Galla Placidia was the daughter of Roman Emperor Thodosius and a great patron of the arts - her family is entombed here.
It contains some of the best preserved mosaics and especially Christian scenes in the Byzantine style.
425 ce Ravenna, Italy
What is a mausoleum?

40. Portrait of a Woman in Mosaic
(1st Century Naples, Italy)
Different colors of mosaic pieces create light and shadow
Pieces in face are arranged organically
Pieces in background are arranged geometrically
Notice the Roman style of making portraits realistic
Striking use of modeling or shading techniques used in painting to create realism.

41. Grecian Vase - Printmaking

42. On Display at PAM
Here is a look at a vase on display at the Portland Art Museum
Close-ups of patterns – organic and geometric shapes
In the style of Exekias (Greek, active BCE), terracotta
Amphora - Side A: Herakles Wrestling the Nemean Lion,
Side B: Departure Scene

43. On Display at PAM Another vase at PAM
Hydria - Grave Scene, Woman Offering Fillets to the Deceased
450/300 BCE, Clay

44. 1. Sketch or trace vase shape on paper 2
1. Sketch or trace vase shape on paper 2. Subdivide the vase into sections 3. Copy or trace onto foam sheet 4. Fill in details with Greek patterns and design elements

45. 5. Apply ink to the face of the design using a brayer 6
5. Apply ink to the face of the design using a brayer 6. Place brown cardstock paper on face of inked foam and rub over cardstock

46. Completed Block Print