1. Movement Flexion Movement Extension Movement Dorsiflexion
Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together (bending the lower limb at the knee).
Flexion
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Movement
Straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart (straightening the lower limb at the knee).
Extension
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Movement
Bending the foot at the ankle toward the shin (bending the foot upward).
Dorsiflexion
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2. Movement Plantar flexion Movement Hyperextension Movement Abduction
Bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole (bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole, bending the foot downward).
Plantar flexion
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Movement
Excess extension of the parts at a joint, beyond the anatomical position (bending the head back beyond the upright position).
Hyperextension
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Movement
Moving a part away from the midline (lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body).
Abduction
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3. Movement Adduction Movement Circumduction Movement Pronation
Moving a part toward the midline (returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body).
Adduction
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Movement
Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand).
Circumduction
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Movement
Turning the hand so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly (in anatomical position).
Pronation
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4. Movement Supination Movement Eversion Movement Inversion
Turning the hand so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly (in anatomical position).
Supination
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Movement
Turning the foot so that the sole faces laterally.
Eversion
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Movement
Turning the foot so that the sole faces medially.
Inversion
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5. Movement Retraction Movement Protraction Movement Elevation
Moving a part backward (pulling the chin backward).
Retraction
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Movement
Moving a part forward (thrusting the chin forward).
Protraction
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Movement
Raising a part (shrugging the shoulders).
Elevation
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6. Movement Depression Lowering a part (drooping the shoulders).
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