1. FDG PET/CT in Staging and Response Assessment in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Zohreh Adinehpour MD Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT specialist Khatamolanbia PET/CT center

2. Initial Staging
Staging of lymphomas is a vital pre-requisite to their appropriate therapeutic management and prognostication.
Imaging modalities have a fundamental role in the staging of lymphomas. CT is the most commonly used imaging modality for staging malignant lymphoma because of its widespread availability and relatively low cost. 

3. CT lacks functional information
Impedes identification of disease in normal-sized organs and detection of lesions that have poor contrast with the surrounding tissue. 
Not reliable in the detection of bone marrow disease, which, if present, by definition indicates stage IV disease.
Ionizing radiation, which may induce second cancers.

4. Rational behind the use of FDG PET/CT in NHL
Higher overall accuracy
Detects more lesions (intra-nodal and extra-nodal)
Determine if radiotherapy is appropriate and plan fields
Modifies prognosis

5. Ann Arbor Staging

7. Evolution of Lymphoma Staging
1989-Costwold modification of Ann Arbor staging system
1998- First clinical PET/CT was installed
1999- First NHL IWG response recommendations
2001- WHO classification, first world-wide consensus
2007- IHP redefined the IWG response criteria
2008- New WHO classification
2014- The Lugano classification

8. The LUGANO Classification

9. The LUGANO Classification
Stage Involvement Extranodal (E) Status
Limited
I One node or a group Single extranodal lesions
of adjacent nodes without nodal involvemen
II Two or more nodal groups Stage I or II by nodal extent with
on the same side of the limited contiguous extranodal
diaphragm involvement
II bulky II as above with bulky disease Not applicable
Advanced
III Nodes on both sides of the Not applicable
diaphragm; nodes above the
diaphragm with spleen involvement
IV Additional noncontiguous Not applicable
extralymphatic involvement

10. The LUGANO Classification
Use of PET/CT
Modality of choice for staging (Gold standard)
More accurate
More sensitive
Improves management
For all FDG avid lymphomas
To identify optimal site for biopsy

11. The LUGANO Classification
PET may upstage or pick up occult lesions such as splenic, bone marrow , osseous, and gastrointestinal involvement  which may otherwise be missed on conventional CT. 

12. Usefulness of 18 F-FDG PET in the Initial Staging of Lymphoma
Maximal intensity projection (MIP) image in a patient of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) shows extensive sites of involvement visualized as areas of increased FDG uptake. Transaxial CT images Show axillary and abdominal LAP and a large subcutaneous nodule. Fused PET/CT images show sites of bone marrow involvement in the sternum, spine, and iliac crest, over and above the lesions picked up on CT
Usefulness of 18 F-FDG PET in the Initial Staging of Lymphoma
Main advantage over anatomical imaging techniques, such as CT, is its ability to detect metabolic changes in the areas involved with malignant lymphoma before the structural changes become visible.

13. A 19 Y/O gentleman presented for early staging of lymphoma

14. Staging(cont)

16. Staging(cont); Bone marrow involvement
Transaxial CT image at the level of upper thigh in a case of NHL (DLBCL) appears unremarkable. PET/CT fusion image at the corresponding site shows intense FDG uptake in the bone marrow of proximal right femoral shaft suggestive of marrow involvement

17. Bony lesions

18. Staging(cont):
There is a high level of concordance between the sites of focal FDG uptake in the bone marrow and bone marrow biopsy. PET scans have high negative predictive value to exclude bone marrow involvement.
This holds particularly true for HL, and obviates the need for bone marrow biopsy.

19. The LUGANO Classification
BM involvement; Is routine biopsy needed?
BM FDG avid lesion
No BM FDG avid or diffuse uptake
Hodgkin’s lymphoma X
DLBL
YES

20. Other Advantage of FDG PET/CT:
As it is a whole-body imaging method, it can guide the biopsy from a metabolically active and easily accessible site.

21. A 59 Y/O male referred for further evaluation of extensive retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy detected in MRI.

22. Other Advantages of FDG PET/CT:
Differentiation of indolent from aggressive lymphoma
Potential to detect transformation of a low-grade lymphoma to a more aggressive sub-type (Richter trnsformation)

23. PET/CT in Evaluation of Treatment Response:
Evaluating therapeutic response is vital to the management of lymphoma patients. With a larger and more effective therapeutic regimens currently available, it is important to optimize treatment strategies to achieve maximal disease control with minimal toxicity to the patient.
CT has been hitherto the most commonly used imaging modality. A decrease in size of the tumor mass has been the cornerstone in establishing a good therapeutic response.
However, a residual mass picked up on CT may not necessarily be metabolically active.

24. Deauville Score

25. Modifed Lugano 5-point scale (5PS)
Score
Description 1
no uptake 2
Uptake # mediastinum 3
Uptake . mediastinum but # liver 4
Uptake moderately increased above liver at any site 5
Markedly increased uptake above liver at any site ne
not evaluable X
any areas of uptake not likely to be related to lymphoma
Note: Data from cheson et al.10

26. Progressive Disease
A 29 Y/O lady with Hodgkin’s lymphoma; status post CTX, completed 2 weeks before PET. She is referred for restaging after therapy.
5 months later

28. Partial Metabolic Response
Left: The patient is a case of biopsy proven diffuse large B cell lymphoma and referred for staging.
Right: Monitoring response 17 days after completion chemotherapy

29. The previously seen, intensely FDG avid, huge retroperitoneal, conglomerate lymphadenopathy is significantly reduced in size (with a small residual remnant) and FDG uptake (SUVmax = 3.2; prior = 27.0).
However, the uptake in residual mass is mildly greater than the liver (SUVmax = 2.9) on the current study.

30. Deauville Score = 5
A 20 Y/O male with NHL status post cx

31. Major Features of Lugano Classification

32. PET/CT is recommended for the following childhood malignancies (other than hematological malignancies):
To identify site of unknown primary malignancy
Staging of sarcoma
Germ cell tumors (especially when tumor marker is negative, and there is retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy or mediastinal primary)
Patients with hepatoblastoma requiring liver transplant
Nephron-sparing surgery in children with synchronous Wilms' tumor planned for bilateral renal surgery
Stage III neuroblastoma after initial chemotherapy (if further chemotherapy is being considered to further reduce tumor burden)
Mutilating surgery in children with sarcoma
MIBG negative or residual neuroblastoma
Soft-tissue sarcoma
In children where accurate biopsy is essential (e.g. heterogeneous tumors where treatment may be determined by highest grade of tumor as in ganglioneuroma vs. ganglioblastoma, necrotic Wilms' tumor)
Children scheduled for radiation therapy planning (gross tumor volume calculation) in head and neck including nasopharyngeal carcinomas.

33. TNX For Your Attention