1. PULMONARY SYSTEM

2. PULMONARY VENTILATION
AMBIENT AIR MOVES INTO AND EXCHANGES WITH THE AIR IN THE LUNGS

3. PHASES OF RESPIRATION:
BREATHING-INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
ATHLETES LEAN FORWARD TO FACILIATE BREATHING:
A) FACILITATE BLOOD FLOW TO HEART
B) MINIMIZE ANTAGONISIC EFFECTS OF GRAVITY ON INSPIRATORY MUSCLES.
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

4. CIRCULATION
INTERNAL RESPIRATION

5. RESPIRATORY SURFACE WARM MOIST IN CONTACT WITH O2
IN CONTACT WITH CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

6. ZONES CONDUCTING ZONE: NOSE, MOUTH, TRACHEA, BRONCHIAL TUBES.
RESPIRATORY ZONE-”TRANSITIONAL ZONE”
BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLI, PULMONARY VEINS/ARTERIES, AND CAPILLARIES.
LARGEST PORTION OF TOTAL LUNG VOLUME

7. STATIC LUNG VOLUME

8. AMOUNT OF AIR THAT REACHES THE RESPIRATORY ZONE
ALVEOLAR VENTILATION
AMOUNT OF AIR THAT REACHES THE RESPIRATORY ZONE

9. MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE EXHALED.
VITAL CAPACITY
MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE EXHALED.

10. TIDAL VOLUME (TV)
AMOUNT OF AIR INHALED AND EXHALED IN A NORMAL BREATH.
UP TO 1 LITER OF AIR PER BREATH

11. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE INHALED AFTER A NORMAL INHALATION
UP TO 2.5 TO 3 LITERS

12. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE FORCEFULLY EXHALED AFTER A NORMAL EXHALATION
UP TO LITERS

13. TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
VOLUME IN LUNGS AFTER MAXIMUM INSPIRATION

14. FORCED VITAL CAPACITY
MAXIMUM VOLUME EXPIRED AFTER MAXIMUM INSPIRATION.
4-5 LITERS IN MEN
3-4 LITERS IN WOMEN

15. INSPIRATORY CAPACITY
MAXIMUM VOLUME INSPIRED FOLLOWING TIDAL EXPIRATION.

16. AMOUNT OF AIR REMAINING IN THE LUNGS AFTER A FORCEFUL EXHALATION
RESIDUAL LUNG VOLUME
AMOUNT OF AIR REMAINING IN THE LUNGS AFTER A FORCEFUL EXHALATION
BETWEEN LITERS

17. PARTS OF PULMONARY SYSTEM
LUNGS:
1- VOLUME IS 4-6 LITERS
2-WEIGHT- 1KG
3-SURFACE AREA CAN COVER HALF OF A TENNIS COURT
4-ONE SECOND OF MAX EXERCISE-APPROX ONE PINT OF BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH LUNG TISSUE/BLOOD VESSELS

18. ALVEOLI
1- APPROX 300 MILLION
2- GAS EXCHANGE
3- LARGEST BLOOD SUPPLY OF ANY ORGAN IN THE BODY

19. DYNAMIC LUNG VOLUME

20. TWO FACTORS OF DYNAMIC PULMONARY VENTILATION:
1- VOLUME OF AIR BEING MOVED-”STROKR VOLUME OF LUNGS”
2- SPEED OF AIR MOVEMENT-BREATHING RATE

21. MINUTE VENTILATION REST: BREATHS PER MINUTE: 12
TIDAL VOLUME: 0.5 LITERS PER BREATH
VE= BREATHING RATE x TIDAL VOLUME
= 6.0 LITERS/MINUTE

22. EXERCISE:
35-45 BREATHS PER MINUTE
ELITE BREATHS PER MINUTE
TIDAL VOLUME INCREASES TO 2 LITERS
MINUTE VENTILATON CAN INCREASE UP TO 17 TIMES NORMAL

23. DISRUPTIONS IN BREATHING PATTERNS
DYSPNEA-SHORTNESS OF BREATH
INCREASE IN ARTERIAL CO2
MUSCLE FATIGUE

24. HYPERVENTILATION:
INCREASE IN VENTILATION THAT EXCEEDS THE OXYGEN NEEDS OF METABOLISM.
OVERBREATHING
EXCESSIVE CARBON DIOXIDE UNLOADING

25. VALSALVA MANEUVER:
FORCED EXHALATION AGAINST A CLOSED GLOTTIS
RESISTANCE EXERCISES
BLOOD PRESSURE RISES
INFERIOR VENA CAVA BECOMES COMPRESSED-REDUCED VENOUS RETURN TO HEART

26. COLD WEATHER EXERCISE
COLD AIR NORMALLY DOES NOT POSE A RISK FOR DAMAGING TH RESPIRATORY PASSAGES.

27. 3 VARIABLES THAT EFFECT OXYGEN DELIVERY AND UPTAKE
1- oxygen concentration of the blood
2- amount of blood flow to working muscles
3- metabolic conditions

28. THE BODY MUST ADJUST TO THESR THREE VARIABLES TO ENSURE INCREASE OF OXYGEN DELIVERY TO WORKING MUSCLES.

29. GAS EXCHANGE PARTIAL PRESSURE=
Percent concentration x total pressure of gas mixture
Pressure= force exerted by the gas molecules against the surfaces they encounter.
Concentration= amount of gas in a given volume.

30. AMBIENT AIR
AMBIENT AIR:
21% OXYGEN
79% NITROGEN
.03% CARBON DIOXIDE

31. PARTIAL PRESSURE
Measured in mmHg- due to fact that the pressure of the air’s gas molecules rise the column of Hg to 760mm.
PO2= 152 mm Hg mL/L
PN2= 600 mm Hg mL/L
PCO2= 0.2 mm Hg mL/L

32. TRACHEAL AIR
PO2= 149 mm Hg
Has no effect on carbon dioxide or nitrogen.

33. ALVEOLAR AIR Oxygen= 14 % Nitrogen= 80% Carbon dioxide= 5.5 %
Water vapor

34. PARTIAL PRESSURE PO2= 103 mm Hg 145mL/L PN2= 571 mm Hg 800mL/L
PCO2= 39 mm Hg mL/L
Water vapor= 47 mm Hg

35. GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS
3 REASONS FOR DILUTION OF OXYGEN IN INSPIRED AIR:
A) water vapor saturates dry inspired air.
B) oxygen continuously leaves alveolar air.
C) carbon dioxide continuously enters alveolar air.

36. OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD
1- physical solution-plasma
2- combined with hemoglobin

37. CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE BLOOD
1- physical solution-plasma
2- loose combination with hemoglobin- carbaminohemoglobin
HbNHCOOH
3- combines with water to form -bicarbonate ions. HCO3

38. PULMONARY VENTILATION
INCREASES LINEARLY WITH OXYGEN UPTAKE DURING LIGHT AND MODERATE EXERCISE.

39. MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION
Maximum amount of oxygen that can be used to produce ATP during exercise.
= HR X SV X (a-vo2 difference)

40. WAYS TO TEST
Continuous
Discontinuous
Varies from person to person.

41. FACTORS THAT AFFECT MAXIMUM VO2
EXERCISE MODE
HEREDITY
TRAINING STATE
GENDER
BODY COMPOSITION
AGE