1. Chapter 8
Plant Reproduction

2. Basics of Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization occurs
Male gamete: Sperm
Female gamete: Egg
Usually occurs in plant’s flower
Produces zygote (fertilized egg)
Zygote grows into seed

3. Flower Basics Develops from stem or branch bud
Attached by receptacle
Enclosed by calyx
Flower opens, corolla emerges
Calyx + corolla = perianth
Perfect flower: Male + female parts

4. Female Organs (Carpels)
Pistil: Tubelike structure
Stigma: Broad top of pistil
Style: Tube from stigma to pistil bottom
Ovary: Bottom of pistil
Ovule: Hollow structure in ovary

5. Egg Production Begins with meiosis in ovary
Mother cell forms four haploid cells
Three deteriorate
One stays functional
Functional cell forms embryo sac
Sac divides to form haploid nuclei
Some become gametes

6. Pollen Production Pollen fertilize ovules Stamen produce pollen
Arranged around the pistil
Attached by filament
Anther at filament top makes pollen
Mother cells divide, make pollen

7. Fertilization Pollen contacts stigma Stigma takes in and holds pollen
Pollen forms tube to ovary
Gametes pass through tube
One sperm unites with egg (zygote)
One sperm unites with polar nucleus
Zygote becomes embryo or seed

8. Fertilization Terms
Complete: With sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil (or carpel)
Monoecious: Staminate and pistillate flowers on same plant
Dioecious: Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants
Self-pollinate: Pollinate on one plant

9. Insects in Pollination
Flowers secrete fluid (nectar)
Insects crawl or fly into flowers
Pollen catches on insects’ bodies
Insects fly to next flowers
Pollen grains remain

10. Asexual Propagation Basics
Process
Grow new plant from part of old plant
New plant genetically identical to old
Advantages
Reproduce superior plants
Speed propagation
Create seedless plants

11. Asexual Propagation Basics
May occur naturally or by method
Methods
Separation
Division

12. Methods of Asexual Propagation
Specialized plant parts
Propagation by cuttings
Growth regulators
Layering
Grafting
Tissue culture

13. Summary Agriculture uses plant reproduction as its basis.
Increasing the efficiency of one increases the efficiency of the other.
Ag research reproduces plants efficiently to benefit the world.