1. Lecture 1 Overview of IoT
Chen Qian
UC Santa Cruz
Some slides by Prof. Yunhao Liu and Zheng Yang

2. Welcome to CE 259! Class information: When: Tu Th 11:40PM-01:15PM.
Where: Soc Sci 2, 159
Class Web page:
01.courses.soe.ucsc.edu/home
It is your responsibility to read EVERY sentence on the class website. You also need to check the website at least twice every week to access timely updates to the class

3. About the Instructor Chen Qian. Office: E2 231.
qian "at" ucsc.edu
Office hours: Thursday, 2pm-3pm

4. Pre-Requisites CMPE 150 or undergrad level networking course.
Graduate level computer programming skills (for project).

5. Teaching Assistants
Xin Li
xli178 at ucsc.edu

6. Grading Reading reports 20% Class presentation 20% Midterm 25%
Course project 35%

7. Student Responsibilities
Attendance.
Lectures.
Keep up with material covered in lecture
Readings (chapters in the book).
Sample questions.
Keep up with reading assignments and project.
In-class presentation
Turn in the assignments on time!

8. Resources Instructor. TAs. Class Web page.
Lecture notes will be posted before class.
Office hours

9. Lectures The more interactivity, the better! Ask questions!
Or answer my questions.
Lecture notes:
Will be posted on-line before class.
But…

10. Presentation from the paper list
Please submit your presentation preference by 4/10, including at least 8 papers from the list below, ordered by your preference with the 1st to be the most preferred. 
Prepare your slides and visit me during the office hour before your presentation.
Introduction

11. Project A project will include both 1. Literature review
Summarize two recent papers related to IoT/sensor networks
2. Innovative ideas
Better with some simulation results
Submit your proposal by 5/3
Need approval from me to continue

12. Midterm Exam May 17th. Close book, can bring one-side 8.5"x11" note
Introduction

13. Assignment Submission
Submit 10 reading reports, among about 20 presentations.
Submit hardcopy of your reading reports before every paper presentation.
the project report and code

14. Assignment late submission policy
10% deduction for each day late.

15. Administrative Info Communication: E-mail preferred.
Send to both instructor AND TAs.

16. My background
PhD in Computer Science (2013), University of Texas at Austin
Network algorithms, protocols, and systems
Routing, switching, management, etc.
Current focus: Internet of Things, Software Defined Networking, and Network Security 16

17. Roadmap 1.1 Origin and progress 1.2 Core technologies
1.3 Major features
1.4 IoT trends
1.5 Image the future

18. Origin and progress 2009 The first idea of the IoT emerged in 1990s
1995
The Road Ahead (Bill Gates book), everything is connected
2005
“ITU Internet Reports”, “The Internet of Things”
Towards ubiquitous IoT
IBM “Smarter Planet”
2009
2009

19. Origin and progress： diverse sources
RFID
In 1999, MIT Auto-ID center, proposed EPC system and the concept of IoT.
Pervasive Computing
Recognition and interconnection
Embedded Systems
In late 1990s, sensor networks
In 2006, NSF workshop on CPS (Cyber-Physical Systems)

20. Q：What is IoT？
Concept
In computing, the Internet of Things refers to a network of objects, such as household appliances. It is often a self-configuring wireless network. The concept of the internet of things is attributed to the original Auto-ID Center, founded in and based at the time in MIT.

21. Interconnection of things
Interconnection of things：Communication between the physical world and the digital world

22. Roadmap 1.2 Core technologies 1.1 Origin and progress
1.3 Major features
1.4 IoT trends
1.5 Image the future

23. Core technologies Interface layer Service layer Networking layer
Data generation→
Data analytics→
Data processing→
Data transmission→
Interface layer
Service layer
Networking layer
Sensing layer

24. Four layer model for the IoT
Interface layer
Smart Shipping
Smart grid
Green housing
Smart traffic
Environment Monitor
Interface layer
Service layer
Intelligent
Decision
Data center
Search engine
Information security
Data mining
Networking layer
Networking layer
Wireless WAN
Wireless LAN
Sensing layer
Internet
Wireless Personal Area Network
Wireless LAN
Sensing layer
Smart device
Sensor
Sensor

25. Core technologies－Sensing layer
Heterogeneity
in data generation
RFID
Wireless
sensor
Smart
device

26. Core technologies－Sensing layer
Using sensing technologies, "Let the things talk” is a key phase to aggregate the physical world and the digital world, it is a unique feature of the IoT compared with other networks.
Devices in the sensing layer, including RFID, wireless sensors, generate data automatically. Also smart devices, such as smart phones, pad, laptops.
Heterogeneity in the IoT is one of the key characteristics.
Sensing layer is the lowest layer and is the foundation for upper layers.

27. Sensing technology example：RFID
Basic component：Industry often divides RFID systems into three major components: tags, readers, and antennas.。
Working principle：The reader sends electronic signals through the antenna. After the tag receives the signal, it transmits the internally stored identification information. The reader then receives and recognizes the information sent back by the tag through the antenna. Finally, the reader sends the recognition result to the host.
tag
reader
antennas
More in lecture 2

28. Sensing technology example： wireless sensor networks
History：sensor → wireless sensor → wireless sensor networks（a multi-hop wireless network consisting of a large number of micro, low-cost, low-power sensor nodes）
wireless
Communication
Micro-
processor
Sensor
battery

29. Sensing technology example： wireless sensor networks
VigilNet: A system developed by the University of Virginia for military surveillance. Sensor nodes support ad hoc mode networking and multi-hop transmission.
Mercury: A wearable medical monitoring sensor developed by Harvard University. The sensor has features such as humanized design, high-precision sensing, continuous long-term data acquisition, etc.
GreenOrbs：A forest monitoring sensor network system, can be used for long-term, large-scale, automated environmental monitoring tasks.
VigilNet
Mercury

30. Sensing technology example： localization
Extension of location information：spatial → geographical location + time + object (person or device) in that geographical location
Existing approaches
GPS
Cell station（GSM/CDMA/3G）
Indoor Precise Positioning
Challenges of localization for IoT
Precise positioning in heterogeneous networks and complex environments
Large-scale deployment
Location Based Services
Information security and privacy issues derived by location information

31. Sensing technology example： smart devices
Traditional smart devices：
PC/PDA
Modern smart devices in IoT：
Smart TV（connected to internet, personalized experiences）
Smart phone, smart thermoset, smart door bell
Robots
Etc.

32. Core technology－networking layer
Mobile network
3G/4G
Internet
Core network for IoT
Wireless PAN
Bluetooth
ZigBee
Emerging
Wireless Access
Visible Light
Communications,
NB-IoT
Broadband
Wireless Access
Wi-Fi
WiMAX

33. Core technology－networking layer
The network is one of the most important infrastructures of the IoT.
What are the similarities and differences between the network in IoT and the existing network? Is IoT the next-generation Internet? What role does the wireless network play in IoT?
The networking layer connects the sensing layer and the service layer. It transfers data between upper and lower layer in a timely and secure manner.

34. Q： How are various networking technologies applied to IoT？
Internet：The Internet/telecom network is the core network, platform, and technical support for the IoT.
Broadband wireless network：WiFi/WiMAX cover a wide range and have a fast transmission speed, providing the IoT with a high-speed, reliable and inexpensive network that do not have restrictions in accessing location.
Wireless personal area network：ZigBee/Bluetooth can adapt to the features in the IoT, such as low speed, low communication range, low computational power, and low energy consumption.
Mobile network：The mobile network enable data transmission at anytime, and anywhere. Its high-speed, real-time, high coverage, heterogeneous multimedia data processing is a foundation for the IoT.
Emerging Wireless Access：60GHz millimeter-wave communication, visible light communication, and low-power wide-area networks (such as LoRa and NB-IoT) address the limited spectrum resources and diverse requirements for the IoT.

35. Core technology－service layer
Service layer locates above the sensing layer and the networking layer, and under the interface layer. The service layer is the source of the wisdom for the IoT, as in smart traffic, smart shipping, smart housing, etc.
The service layer addresses how the data is stored, retrieved, utilized, and how to avoid data abuse.

36. Service layer： IoT and big data
The IoT will become one of important sources of big data, and big data will also provide strong support for the development of the IoT.
Networked storage is a way to store large-scale data.
Challenge：Can only meet requirements for medium-size business
Data center not only includes the servers and associated equipment (such as communication/storage equipment), but also has redundant data communication links/environmental control equipment/monitoring equipment and safety devices. It is a large- scale system engineering. It provides timely and continuous data services with a high security guarantee and reliability for IoT applications.
Google data center

37. Google data center Servers and networks in data center Cooling system
（Yellow cables are fiber）
Cooling system
（Blue pipe is cold water, red pipe is heated water after cooling）

38. Service layer： cloud computing
Cloud computing provides three levels of services for the information industry and the IoT：
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Software as a Service (SaaS）
Cloud storage provides universal access to the data, which greatly simplifies cross-device management and data consistency maintenance.
Cloud download uses cloud storage to ensure data health and increase data transmission rates, thereby providing high-quality download services and reducing user-side energy consumption.
With cloud computing, users can flexibly lease cloud computing services, avoid infrastructure investment, and save the money and time for providing customers with better IoT services, making the IoT more popular and efficient.

39. Service layer： security and privacy
RFID security
Major security and privacy risks: eavesdropping, tracking, man-in- the-middle attacks, spoofing/replaying/cloning, physical cracking, data tampering, denial of service attacks, RFID viruses...
Location privacy
Definition: The ability of the users to control his/her own location information: The user is free to decide whether to publish location information, who to publish information to, how to publish it, and how detailed the published information is.

40. Core technology－ interface layer
“Practice makes perfect”, practice is the key to success. The rich content of the IoT has lead to a wider variety of applications.
Increasing of networked application
A network of computers to a network of things
Tracking
Context-Aware
Automatic recognition
Smart grid
Smart traffic
Smart shipping
Green housing …
WWW
E-commerce
Video on Demand
Online game
Social network …
Data transmission …
Computer-computer
person-person
thing-thing
Time
1996
2006

41. Roadmap 1.3 Major features 1.1 Origin and progress
1.2 Core technologies
1.3 Major features
1.4 IoT trends
1.5 Image the future

42. Major features Large-scale networked devices Universal sensing
In the IoT era, everything can talk and becomes a network terminal. Within 5-10 years, the scale of networked terminals is expected to exceed 10 billion.
Universal sensing
Ubiquitous sensing integrates the traditionally separated physical world and digital world.
Interconnected heterogeneous device
A variety of heterogeneous devices use wireless communication modules and protocols to form a self- organizing network. Heterogeneous networks are interconnected through a "gateway."

43. Major features Smart management Chained application Service
The IoT organizes large-scale data efficiently and reliably. At the same time, decision-making tools such as operations research, machine learning, data mining, and expert systems will be widely applied.
Chained application Service
Taking industrial production as an example, the IoT technology covers everything from the introduction of raw materials, production scheduling, energy conservation and emission reduction, warehousing logistics to product sales, and after-sales services.