1. H0: m = m0 Ha: m > m0 Ha: m < m0 Ha: m  m0 “EXTREME”
As large as z, or larger.
P(Z  z) = 1  P(Z  z)
As small as z, or smaller.
P(Z  z)
As far from the center of the distribution as z, or further.
P(|Z||z|) = 2(1P(Z  |z|))
H0: m = m0
Ha: m > m0
Ha: m < m0
Ha: m  m0

2. H0: m = m0 Ha: m > m0 Ha: m < m0 Ha: m  m0 “EXTREME”
As large as t, or larger.
P-value = P(T  t)
As small as t, or smaller.
P-value = P(T  t)
As far from the center of the distribution as t, or further.
P-value = 2P(T  |t|)
H0: m = m0
Ha: m > m0
Ha: m < m0
Ha: m  m0