1. Use the image to answer the questions:
(1) What major changes took place from 1850 to 1854?
(2) Is the Missouri Compromise still in effect by 1854? How can you tell?

2. Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era
These regional differences increased sectionalism–placing the interests of a region above the interests of the nation
: Sectionalism was mild & resolved by compromise
: The growth of abolitionism & westward expansion intensified the question of the “morality” of slavery

3. Sectionalism:
Abolitionists & many Northerners despised the Compromise of 1850:
The Fugitive Slave Law allowed runaway slaves (& sometimes free blacks) to be recaptured & enslaved
Northerners formed vigilante committees to protect runaways
Abolitionism grew in the North

5. Sectionalism: 1850-1856 Abolitionism was growing in the North:
William Lloyd Garrison formed the American Anti-Slavery Society & published The Liberator
Ex-slave Frederick Douglass published The North Star
The Grimke Sisters revealed that some Southerners opposed slavery

6. The Underground Railroad was a network of safe houses to help slaves escape to freedom
Harriet Tubman made 19 trips South to lead 300 slaves to freedom through the Underground Railroad

7. Sectionalism:
In 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Depicted slavery as a moral evil
Became the best selling book of the 19th century
Inspired many in the North to join the abolitionist cause

8. Sectionalism:
In 1854, Congress passed Stephen Douglas’ Kansas-Nebraska Act
The law used popular sovereignty to give the residents of the territories the right to vote to determine slavery
To do this, Congress repealed (ended) the Missouri Compromise line at 36º30’ in the western territories

9. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

10. Sectionalism:
Northerners were outraged by the Kansas-Nebraska Act:
Congress allowed slavery to spread into an area of the U.S. where slavery was already outlawed
Northerners formed the Republican Party in 1854 & became committed to the “free soil” movement

12. Sectionalism:
Popular sovereignty failed to settle the slavery question in the West:
When a vote was held in Kansas in 1855 to decide on slavery, thousands of Missouri residents illegally voted
This illegal vote gave Kansas slavery when its residents voted against it
In 1856, a war began between Kansas & Missouri (Bleeding Kansas)

13. This incident became known as “Bleeding Kansas”
The vote revealed a pro-slavery victory which led to a violent civil war in Kansas
Thousands of pro-slavery Missouri residents crossed the border & voted for slavery
The resulting pro-slavery victory, led to
Free-soilers from Kansas voted against slavery

15. Sectionalism:
From 1850 to 1856, sectionalism in America increased due to
The growth of abolitionism due to the Fugitive Slave Law, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, & the Kansas-Nebraska Act
The birth of regional (not national) political parties like the Republicans
Sectional tensions were becoming so bad that compromise was not an option

16. Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era
These regional differences increased sectionalism–placing the interests of a region above the interests of the nation
: Sectionalism was mild & resolved by compromise
: The growth of abolitionism & westward expansion intensified the question of the “morality” of slavery
: The slave issue became “irreconcilable” & led to the Civil War

17. Republicans in the North
Sectionalism:
The election of 1856 was the first time in which political parties represented regions of the country, not the nation
Slavery became the most important political issue in American politics
Even though the Republicans lost in 1856, they realized that they had enough electoral votes to win the presidency without Southern support
Republicans in the North
Democrats in the South

18. Sectionalism:
In 1857, a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom after traveling with his master from Missouri to Wisconsin
The Dred Scott case presented the Supreme Court with 2 major questions:
Does Congress have the power to decide on slavery in the territories?
Is the Missouri Compromise constitutional?

19. Class Activity: Assume your role as Northerner or Southerner & work out a solution to this problem

20. Sectionalism:
In Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), the Supreme Court ruled:
Dred Scott had no right to sue because blacks are not citizens
Congress did not have the power to stop slavery in western territories so the Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional
Northern abolitionists were furious

21. Sectionalism:
Lincoln was unknown at the time, but during the campaign he argued that Congress must stop the spread of slavery (free soil argument)
In 1858, Democrat Stephen Douglas ran against Republican Abraham Lincoln for the Illinois Senate
Lincoln lost the Senate election, but his argument against slavery made him a popular national figure

22. “A house divided against itself cannot stand
“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.” —Abraham Lincoln, 1858

23. Sectionalism:
In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led an unsuccessful raid on a federal armory at Harper’s Ferry, VA in an attempt to free slaves in a massive slave uprising
Brown was caught & executed
But he was seen as a martyr by many in the North
Southerners believed Northerners were using violence to end slavery

24. John Brown: Northern Martyr or Southern Villain?
A Northern’ song during the Civil War:
John Brown’s Body
John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave,
But his soul goes marching on
Glory, glory, hallelujah,
His soul goes marching on
John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave, /| John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave, But his soul goes marching on. Chorus: Glory, glory, hallelujah, /| Glory, glory, hallelujah, His soul goes marching on.
He's gone to be a soldier in the Army of the Lord, /| He's gone to be a soldier in the Army of the Lord, His soul goes marching on. Chorus:
John Brown's knapsack is strapped upon his back, / John Brown's knapsack is strapped upon his back, His soul goes marching on. Chorus:
John Brown died that the slaves might be free, / John Brown died that the slaves might be free, His soul goes marching on. Chorus:
The stars above in Heaven now are looking kindly down, / The stars above in Heaven now are looking kindly down, His soul goes marching on.
John Brown the martyr

25. Democrats in the North & South were split over the issue of slavery
Sectionalism:
Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas who argued for popular sovereignty
Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln who argued for “free soil” & a strong national gov’t
The Election of 1860 proved to be the final straw for the South:
Southern Democrats nominated John Breckenridge who argued for states rights & the protection of slavery
Democrats in the North & South were split over the issue of slavery

26. Lincoln won the election without a single Southern vote
Sectionalism:
Lincoln won the election without a single Southern vote
Class Activity: Assume your role as Northerner or Southerner & work out a solution to this problem
Southerners assumed slavery would soon be abolished & began to discuss the possibility of seceding (breaking away) from the USA

27. Sectionalism:
In December 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union
In 1861, more Southern states seceded & the Civil War between North & South began

28. Sectionalism:
From 1856 to 1860, sectionalism in America increased due to:
Slavery became the most important political issue of the time
Growing Southern fears that the North would end slavery (John Brown’s raid, election of Lincoln)
No compromises could prevent a Civil War between the North & South