1. Alternatives to Glucose
(4.3)

2. Related Pathways
• larger carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are metabolized for energy by entering into a part of glycolysis or the Citric Acid Cycle

3. Related Pathways
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4. Protein Catabolism (breakdown)
proteins are digested into amino acids
amino groups are then removed in a process called deamination (occurs in the liver)
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5. Protein Catabolism
other chemical reactions will convert the remaining part of the amino acids into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

6. Protein Catabolism alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine, threonine
Pyruvate (glycolysis)
leucine, lysine
acetyl-CoA (Krebs)
phenylalanine
Fumarate (Krebs)
asparagine, aspartate
Oxaloacetate (Krebs)
arginine, glutamate, glutamine, histidine, proline
α-ketoglutarate (Krebs)

7. Lipid Structure most of the fats digested by humans are triglycerides
triglycerides are first digested into glycerol and fatty acids
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8. Lipid Catabolism
glycerol is either converted into G3P and enters glycolysis
if oxygen is present, fatty acids are transported to the matrix of the mitochondria and undergo β-oxidation

9. β-oxidation
the fatty acid chain is cleaved into 2-carbon acetyl groups, which are converted into acetyl-CoA, which can enter the Krebs cycle
ATP is used to activate the fatty acid
every cleavage produces 1 NADH and 1 FADH2

10. Image from: http://classes. midlandstech

11. How much energy in the form of ATP does this triglyceride produce?17

12. Classwork/Homework Read 4.3 & review your notes.
Complete 1-4, 7, 10 on pg 189 16