1. DNA

2. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
A cell’s code / recipe / blueprint
Biological instructions that make each species unique
Genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms

3. What Does DNA Look Like? Similar to a ‘twisted ladder’
Each side of the ladder is made up of SUGAR-PHOSPATE MOLECULES
Sugar group  deoxyribose
Phosphate molecule
Rungs(steps) of the ladder are nitrogen bases
DNA has 4 types of nitrogen bases
Nitrogen bases are connected by hydrogen bonds

4. NITROGEN BASES 4 types of Nitrogen Bases Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

5. NITROGEN BASES Nitrogen bases occur in pairs in DNA.
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Guanine pairs with Cytosine
Like pieces of a puzzle, each base bonds only with its correct partner.

8. If this code makes up one side of the DNA, what would the code be for the other side?
A T C G A A C T T G A C A G

9. If this code makes up on side of the DNA, what would the code be for the other side?
A T C G A A C T T G A C A G
T A G C T T G A A C T G T C

10. 1 base + 1 Sugar + 1 Phosphate = Nucleotide

11. Who Discovered DNA? James Watson and Francis Crick
Rosiland Franklin, a woman, discovered the double helix shape of DNA and had the best X-ray picture at the time.
Maurice Wilkin, her colleague, didn’t want a woman to get the credit for discovering DNA so he stole her picture and gave it to Watson and Crick.
The picture along with their research help Watson and Crick create the first correct model of DNA.
Watson, Crick, and Wilkin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Franklin died of cancer 4 years earlier.

12. Joined Nucleotides = GENES
Gene  sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism.
Each cell in the human body contains about 25,000 to 35,000 genes
Genes carry information
that determines your traits.
Traits are specific features
you inherit from your parents.

13. PROTEIN Groups of 3 nucleotides from a DNA sequence make AMINO ACIDS
Ribosomes connect amino acids into long chains
Long chains of amino acids = PROTEIN
Proteins are the building blocks for everything in your body.
Bones and teeth, hair and earlobes, muscles and blood, all are made up of proteins.
Those proteins help our bodies grow, work properly, and stay healthy.

15. CHROMOSOMES
GENES + PROTIENS (built with the ribosomes and codes of DNA) = CHROMOSOMES
There are hundreds to thousands of genes on each chromosome
Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of the cell
Each person has 23 pairs (46 total) of chromosomes.
23 chromosomes come from your father, 23 from your mother.

17. The DNA coils around proteins made up of amino acids

18. DNA REPLICATION DNA unwinds.
The original strands serve as templates for two new strands.
DNA POLYMERASE connects to the original strands and begins to create new DNA.
Once DNA is replicated, the chromosome also splits.

19. MUTATIONS
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
Mutations in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein.
Mutations can be positive, negative, or neutral
EX: Disease, missing body part/function, heightened senses, bigger and stronger, doubled jointed
Mutations randomly cause adaptations

20. TYPES OF MUTATIONS Environmental Factors DNA Replication Error
Sunlight (skin cancer, wrinkles, etc),
Smoking (lung or throat cancer, lung disease, etc)
Radiation
DNA Replication Error
Point Mutation
Frame-shift Mutation

21. POINT MUTATION
A point mutation is a simple change in one base of the gene sequence ( A paired with G instead of T).
This is equivalent to changing one letter in a sentence, such as this example, where we change the 'c' in cat to an 'h':
The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Point Mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat.
The gene will now have a mutation, or change, compared to the original.

22. FRAME-SHIFT MUTATION
In a frame shift mutation, one or more bases are inserted or deleted (A, T, C, or G accidentally doesn’t get copied), the equivalent of adding or removing letters in a sentence.
Because our amino acids are created from DNA in three letter "words“ or codes, adding or removing one letter changes all of the following words.
An example of a frame-shift mutation using our sample sentence is when the 't' from cat is removed, but we keep the original letter spacing:
The fat cat ate the wee rat.
Frame Shift: The fat caa tet hew eer at.