1. Scientific Method

2. Inference
an interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience

3. Observation

6. Steps of the Scientific Method

7. Hypothesis- Proposed answer to a question
- Must be “educated guess” based on observations
-Must be testable!

8. Controlled Experiment
Variable- factor that changes in an experiment
-Independent variable- Manipulated by scientist in experiment (what is different between experimental groups)
-Dependent variable- may change in response to independent variable

9. Sample Experiment The Effect of High CO2 on Plant Growth
Design: Some plants are grown in high CO2, some in normal CO2
Variables:
-amount of CO2 (independent variable)
-plant growth (dependent variable)

10. Results

11. Metric System! GIGA 1,000,000,000 MEGA 1,000,000x KILO 1000x
HECTA 100x
DECA 10x
Metric System!
BASE UNIT
DECI .1
CENTI .01
MILLI .001
MICRO
NANO

12. EASE OF PERFORMING MATH FUNCTIONS… *
Examples:
1.62 kg
(5.4 cm) (8.65 cm) (362 cm)
Is far easier to do than…
(1 lb., 9 ½ oz.)
(11 ¾ in)(1 ft.4 11/16 in)(1 yd.1ft 1½ in)

13. If I measured a football field in centimeters, will my result be large or small?
How could I convert this measurement to meters?

14. Types of Graphs Line graphs- best for change over time
Bar graphs- for comparing
change between individual
items or events
Pie charts- show parts of
whole

15. Graph the following data:
Temperature
(oC)
Mass
(g)
100 20 40 60 80 5
120 3
140 2
160 1

16. Convert 340,056 to scientific notation:
X 105
Convert to scientific notation:
2.4 X 10-3

17. Conclusion
State whether your hypothesis is either supported or refuted.

18. Scientific Theory
Theory- set of related hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times by many scientists. NOT A GUESS!!!

19. Lab Safety Quiz (True/False)
1) Food and drink are prohibited in the laboratory.
2) Horseplay can result in exclusion from lab activities.
3) It is OK to do unauthorized experiments if your teacher is not looking
4) The eyewash and safety shower are located in the front of the room to the right of the whiteboard.
5) If you break glass, clean it up quickly before the teacher notices.

20. Biology

21. Biology: the study of living things21

22. All things alive Characteristics Are made of cells Reproduce
Contain DNA
Grow and develop
Obtain and use materials and energy
Respond to their environment
Maintain a stable internal environment
Over time - change 22

23. Made up of Cells Cells- Smallest unit of living things
Unicellular organisms – consist of a single cell
Multicellular organisms- contain more than one cell
Picture of stem cells 23

24. Reproduce- make new organisms
Sexual
From two parents
Asexual
Single parent 24

25. Use Materials and Energy
Metabolism- sum of all of chemical reactions in an organism 25

26. Maintains Internal Balance
Homeostasis
Keeping internal conditions the same 26

27. Response to the Environment
Stimulus
A signal to which an organism responds
Response 27

28. Based on a Genetic Code
Inherited traits
Carried by DNA 28

29. Evolution
Change over time

30. Growth and Development
Periods of rapid and dramatic change 30

31. Interdependence
Ecology- studies the interactions between organisms with each other and their environment.

32. Why you should care

33. Preserving our environment
Rainforests are being destroyed at rate of 1 acre per second
Biology shows why we should take care of the environment and how to accomplish this.

34. Improving food supply
Genetic engineering can produce pest-resistant, more nutritious crops and larger animals.

35. Human Genome Project
- genome- complete genetic material contained in an individual

36. Curing Diseases
Human genome project showed where important genes are located in human DNA
Advances in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, and new diseases would not be possible without biology.

37. AIDS
HIV- virus that causes AIDS -changes rapidly so hard to treat -new therapies find ways to seek out and destroy the virus

38. Cancer
-Breakdown in the mechanism that controls cell division -Insidious - Researchers are developing ways to target cancer cells while not harming healthy ones

39. Gene Therapy
-Replacement of a defective gene with a normal version. -Usually use viruses -Helps treat hereditary disorders like cystic fibrosis

41. Branches of Biology 41

42. Zoology 42

43. Botany 43

44. Paleontology 44

45. Ethology (Animal Behavior)45

46. Ecology 46

47. Genetics 47

48. Biochemistry 48

49. Cytology 49

50. Microbiology 50

51. How do you study cells? Laboratory Techniques Cell cultures
Cell Fractionation 51

52. Working Safely
Always know what you are working with and cautions you should use
Dominion Post
August 10, 2006 52