1. How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur?

2. Boundary disputes
Allocational dispute- involve the allocating of natural resources found along borders
Ex: Netherlands and Germany over natural gas
Ex: Iraq and Kuwait over oil
Operational dispute- involve neighbors who differ over the way their border should function.
Ex: if one country wants to limit migration and the other does not
Ex: trying to stop smuggling across borders
Definitional dispute- focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement.
Ex: North and South Korea
Locational dispute- center on the delimitation and possibly the demarcation of the boundary.
Ex: Boundary between Saudi Arabia and Yemen is not covered by a treaty and there is oil there

3. The World Economy Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory:
The world economy has one market and a global division of labor.
Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy.
The world economy has a three-tier structure.

4. Construction of the World Economy… 3 C’s
Capitalism – people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and exchange them in the world market, with the goal of achieving profit. Commodification – the process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good. Colonialism – brought the world into the world economy, setting up an interdependent global economy.

5. Three Tier Structure Core Periphery Semi-periphery
Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology
* Generate more wealth in the world economy
Periphery
Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology
* Generate less wealth in the world economy
Semi-periphery
Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery.
* Serves as a buffer between core and periphery

7. Law of the Sea
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
Had to claim by 2011
Claim territory in the Arctic- Trans- Arctic Shipping boundaries
12 nautical miles; territorial laws for jurisdiction
200 for fishing rights and resources

8. The Cold War
Period of diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between the USA an the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (aka USSR/Soviet Union)
Started at the end of WWII in 1945,continued through the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and ended with the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.
USA and SU didn’t fight a direct war… it was fought by a lot of proxy wars in Africa, Latin America, and Asia (attempted influence over newly decolonized areas)
USA- largest conflicts were in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan
Frontline was in Europe
After the defeat of Nazi Germany, Europe divided between East (Communist) and West (Democratic)

9. The Cold War continued…
Eastern Europe was occupied by the Soviet Army and became Soviet satellite states.
Some states attempted to break away from this control (ex. Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968) but were unsuccessful.
Germany’s status was perhaps the most complicated.
1945, Germany was divided into four zones of occupation among the victorious powers (USA, UK, France, SU)
First three zones united to form the Federal Republic of Germany (aka West Germany), which allied with the USA.
The Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic and allied with the SU.
The split of the country came to head in Berlin, which was actually in Soviet territory but half of the city wanted to join West Germany.
1961- a wall, The Berlin Wall, was created to separate the city.

10. The Cold War continued…
Late 1980s- SU was under new leadership and began relaxing its grip over its satellite states in Eastern Europe.
1989- citizens of both Germany’s brought down the wall that divided them.
Over the next year and a half, Germany had reunited, and former satellite states of Eastern Europe were holding free elections without influence from the SU.
The USSR, made up of 15 republics, began to collapse as well and eventually would become independent countries.
After 1990, with the collapse of communism and the SU, this led to an opportunity for power throughout Europe and the world.

11. Effects from The Cold War
Many newly independent states
Some peaceful- ex. Czechoslovakia divided into the Czech Republic and the Republic of Slovakia in 1993
Some very complicated and violent- ex. Breakup of Yugoslavia in resulting from tensions between Serbs, Bosnians, and others. Many died because of ethnic cleansing. (**Balkanization**)
Changes in the balance of power
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) formed in 1949 to oppose Soviet military power in Europe.
The balance of economic, political, and military power tilted toward Western Europe and the USA.
This shift frightened the Russians and they reacted by intervening militarily to support any pro-Russian groups in countries like Georgia in 2008, and Ukraine in 2014.

12. The world's troubled lands
Interact with lands around the world that are experiencing trouble and/or political chaos
Contested Borders

13. How do Geopolitics and Critical Geopolitics Help us Understand the World?

14. Geopolitics
Politics influenced by geography. All humans are impacted by geography!
Two types of geopoliticians:
Those who try to explain why certain states are powerful and how to become powerful.
Those who try to offer strategic advice for states and explain why countries interact at the global scale the way they do.

15. Types of Geopoliticians
1. German School
Ex: Ratzel’s organic state theory
The state resembles an organism and in order to prolong its existence, it must ‘renourish’ by acquiring more territories that belong to the less powerful.
Ratzel termed this ‘lebensraum’
This was an extreme form of environmental determinism that Nazi Germany used to justify their policies in the 1930s
2. British / American School
Ex: Mackinder’s Heartland Theory
Mackinder stated that the ‘Eurasia’ area was such a resource- rich area that if anyone in Europe could control it, they could ultimately control the world.
** These theories were at the heart of the politics in World War I, World War II, the Vietnam War, and the Cold War.

16. Critical Geopolitics
Geopoliticians still study the relationship between countries around the world and what their geography has to do with it.
Over time, with the changing of world powers, the US has created an “us (pro-democracy) versus them (those against democracy)”
Currently there is an order of unilateralism where the US is in a position of power and dominance, and our allies simply follow instead of join in decision making.

17. What are Supranational Organizations, and What is the Future of the State?

18. Supranational Organizations
A separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals. * Examples: UN, EU, NATO, NAFTA, ASEAN - The League of Nations was the first attempt at modern Supranationalism… which failed.

19. Global Scale – The United Nations

20. The United Nations
Organization created to replace the League of Nations after WWII.
Needed the support of European Nations at the end of WWII.
Peacekeeping efforts around the world
Example: Somalia in the 1990s. The country was going through social, political, and economic problems which prompted for UN assistance.

21. Regional Scale – The European Union How does the EU work?

22. How does Supranationalism affect the State?
identities
economics

23. ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations 10 countries
Peace, Prosperity, Community

24. How do States Spatially Organize their Governments?

25. City State
A city that with its surrounding territory makes an independent state

26. Forces that unite and divide
Centripetal forces- forces that UNITE the people
Aspects: has to do with timing, interaction, perspective, and context.
Examples: Civil Rights Movement, 9/11/01, religion, culture, economy, technology, strong political leaders, war
Centrifugal forces- forces that DIVIDE the people
Examples: war, civil war, racism, political standpoints, religion, culture, economy, laws within the states (death penalty, abortion, gay rights, immigration…)

28. Forms of Government
Unitary – highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power.
Ex: China, Japan, U.K.
Federal – a government where the state is organized into territories, which have control over government policies and funds.
Ex: United States, Mexico, Australia, Nigeria
With a federal government comes Democracy- where the people have the ultimate say over what happens in the state.

29. Nigeria’s Federal Government –
Allows states within the state to determine
whether to have Shari’a Laws
Shari’a Laws
Legal systems based on traditional Islamic laws

30. The U.S. Federal Government –
Allows states within the state to determine “moral” laws such as death penalty, access to alcohol, and concealed weapons.
Minnesota’s concealed
weapons law
requires the posting of signs such as this on buildings that do not allow concealed weapons.

31. Devolution
Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state.
Many things can cause devolutionary movements:
Ethnocultural reasons: ethnic and/or cultural differences require the state to split into territories
Economic reasons: the state may want to switch their currency and/or let their territories have more power over funds
Spatial reasons: due to too much space and/or being fragmented, a move to being a federal state may be easier

32. Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements
Eastern Europe devolutionary forces since the fall of communism Ethnic and/or cultural reasoning behind the movement of power

33. Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements
Scotland rise in independence movement is coupled with: - European Union - Scotland’s oil resources

34. Economic Devolutionary Movements
Catalonia, Spain Barcelona is the center of banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than the rest of Spain.

35. Spatial Devolutionary Movements
Hawai’i
Because of being so far from the U.S., it is easier for Hawaii to make their own decisions with what the U.S. government gives them instead of D.C. trying to control what goes on there.

36. How do States Spatially Organize their Governments?

37. Electoral Geography
A state’s electoral system is part of its spatial organization of government.
In the United States:
- territorial representation
- reapportionment
- voting rights for minority populations
- census every 10 years to reset proportional representation in the House of Rep’s and then to redraw district boundaries if necessary.

38. Gerrymandering – drawing voting districts to benefit one group over another.
Majority-Minority districts drawn so that the majority of the population in the district is from the minority.
Gerrymandering Explained

39. Cracking
Dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority

40. Packing
Combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts

41. Stacking
Diluting a minority populated district with majority populations

42. Hijacking
Redrawing two districts to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other

43. Kidnapping
Moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support