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THE PHYSICS OF MUSIC ♫.

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1 THE PHYSICS OF MUSIC ♫

2 MUSIC Musical Tone- Pleasing sounds that have periodic wave patterns.
Quality of sound- distinguishes identical notes from different instruments.

3 Beats- the change in sound intensity due to the interference of sound.
Beat Frequency- the number of maximum intensity points per second. 2 beats

4 Beat Frequency BF = # Beats seconds or BF = | f1 – f2 |

5 Ex. A sound with a frequency of 400Hz interferes with a second sound
Ex. A sound with a frequency of 400Hz interferes with a second sound. If this produces 20 beats in 5.0 seconds, what is the frequency of the second sound? BF= 20beats/ 5 sec = 4 beats/sec 4 beats/sec = | 400Hz - f2 | 396Hz or 404 Hz

6 STANDING WAVES Two identical waves traveling in opposite directions.
N –node A- antinode

7 MODES OF VIBRATION Fundamental mode, lowest pitch. λ = 2L
First overtone, second harmonic, λ = L Second overtone, 3 rd harmonic, λ = 2/3L Third overtone, 4th harmonic, λ = 1/2L

8 HARMONICS Whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency. Doubling the frequency will raise the pitch one octave (8 notes)

9 String Instruments

10 LAWS OF STRINGS Law of Length: As the length of a string increases, frequency and pitch decreases. Law of Diameter: As the diameter of a string increases, frequency decreases.

11 Law of Tension: As the tension on a string increases, frequency and pitch increases.
Law of Density: If a more dense string is used, the frequency and pitch decreases.

12 Woodwind and Brass Use resonating air columns to make music.

13 RESONANCE IN AIR COLUMNS
Resonance occurs every half wavelength.

14 λ = 2L f1 = v/2L L

15 λ = L f2 = v/L L

16 λ = 2/3L f3 =3v/2L L

17 Wavelength depends of the length and diameter of the resonating pipe.
λ = 2( L + 0.8d) L- length (m) d- diameter (m)

18 If the pipe has a length of 60cm and a diameter of 4.0cm what is the
Ex: An open plastic pipe will resonate at its lowest frequency when a tuning fork is held over it. If the pipe has a length of 60cm and a diameter of 4.0cm what is the wavelength? λ = 2( L + 0.8d) λ = 2(0.6m + 0.8(0.04m) λ = 1.264m

19 Just for fun! The Rubens Tube

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