1. Lymphatic & Immune Systems
Chapter 6

2. Lymphatic system Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) lymph/o
The Lymphatic System
Network of vessels that picks up excess tissue fluid, cleanses it, and returns it to circulatory system
Picks up fats absorbed by digestive system
Fluid is called “lymph”
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
lymph/o

3. Three functions Includes foreign invaders = pathogens
First, removes excess tissue fluid
Collects excess tissue fluid throughout body
Purifies it as it passes through system
Returns it to circulatory system
Lymph = fluid within lymphatic vessels
Second, lacteals around the small intestine assist with fat absorption
Pick up absorbed fats
Delivers to circulatory system for redistribution in body
Third, lymphatic and immune systems work together
Form a group of cells, tissues, organs, & molecules
Body’s primary defense against pathogens
Includes foreign invaders = pathogens
Cells that have become diseased and need to be disposed of

4. Lymph Vessels Network of vessels throughout body
One-way pipes conducting lymph from tissues toward thoracic cavity
Low pressure system
Uses valves to prevent backflow
Combining Form
lymphangi/o

5. Drainage system Lymph capillaries absorb excess fluid
One-way system of lymph vessels
Join to larger vessels – lymph ducts
Finally empty:
from the right side of body into Right Lymphatic Duct
From left side of body into Thoracic Duct
These ducts empty into their respective sub-clavian veins
Then return to main circulation for final disposal

6. Lymph Nodes Number – 400-700 Primary Function
Produce specialized lymphocytes that destroy pathogens
Filter harmful substances from lymph
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
lymphaden/o

7. 3 main Cervical lymph nodes=located along side of the neck
Axillary lymph node=located under the arm
Inguinal lymph node=located in the inguinal area

8. Lymph Nodes Also called lymph glands But not real glands
Composed of lymphatic tissue
Located along route of lymphatic vessels

9. Lymph Nodes

10. Lymphocytes Also known as Lymphoid cells Three types: Primary Function
Natural killer cells – kill cancer cells and those infected with viruses
B cells-produce antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
T cells-help destroy foreign cells and assisted other WBC
Primary Function
Play an important role in immune reactions
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
lymphocyt/o

11. Tonsils Location: nasopharynx, palatine, lingual
All contain a large number of leukocytes
Act as filters
Prevent invasion of pathogens through digestive or respiratory systems
Not required for life and can safely be removed if they become a continuous site of infection
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
tonsill/o
adenoid/o

12. Tonsils and Adenoids

13. Tonsils and Adenoids

14. Vermiform appendix
Researchers say the appendix produces and protects good germs for the gut by "rebooting" the digestive system
The human digestive system contains massive amounts of bacteria most of which are good and help the digestion of food.
The appendix is near the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine and has abundant infection-fighting lymphoid cells, which suggests it plays a role in the immune system

15. Spleen Primary Function Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
Filters foreign materials from the blood
Maintains the appropriate balance between cells and plasma in the blood
Destroys old, worn-out blood cells, acts as a blood reservoir, and stores platelets
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
splen/o
Note: This is spelled with only one e
What role does it play in mononucleosis?

16. Spleen

17. Bone Marrow Primary Function Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
Produces blood cells
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
myel/o

18. How we defend ourselves
Immunity & the Immune Response

19. Immune Response – Antibodies v Antigens
Antigens – Any substance that the body regards as foreign
Include: bacteria, viruses, transplanted tissue, toxins –
Antibodies are the proteins that bind to the invading antigen, labeling it for destruction by other cells of the immune system

20. immunoglobulins Specific antibodies Bind with specific antigens
Secreted by plasma cells
Five Types – Table 6.1 P 177

21. Natural Immunity Also called innate or passive immunity
Either present at birth or endowed through breast milk
Not specific to a particular disease
Doesn’t require prior exposure to pathogen
Different types of specialized cells help with innate immunity

22. Acquired Immunity Active acquired immunity
Develops following direct exposure to pathogen
Stimulates immune response – series of mechanisms designed to neutralize pathogen
Leaves individual with antibodies coded to specific antigen
Immunizations or vaccinations are special types of active acquired immunity
Vaccine: preparation containing killed whole or partial antigens, designed to stimulate an immune response

23. Lymphedema
Swelling due to abnormal accumulation of fluid within the tissues
Caused by damage to system, preventing adequate drainage
Lymph is protein-rich, where pathogens thrive, it is often assoc with infection
Two types:
Primary – hereditary, occurrence mostly females, at puberty, with edema starting in LE & spreading upwards
Secondary – caused by injury, burns, Ca treatment, surgery
Treatment – compression, exercise, infection- prevention

24. Immune system - pathology
The immune system effectiveness depends on:
General health
Age – very young or very old people have increased tendency for compromise in their immune system
Heredity – genetic predisposition to immunocompromise

25. Allergic reactions
Occur when the body recognizes relatively harmless items as pathogenic, releasing histamine in response
Allergy = hypersensitivity – overreaction to a particular substance
Allergen = the particular substance
Localized response = cellular response, wherein localized itching/swelling occurs – poison ivy
Anaphylaxis = systemic response – wholesale allergic response – rapid, life- threatening, demands immediate intervention – Fig 6.7, p 180

26. Autoimmune Disorders
Conditions where the immune system recognizes normal healthy tissue as a pathogen and starts to attack
Most commonly inherited/genetic predisposition
Occurrence is mostly in females

27. Autoimmune Disorders
Rheumatoid Arthritis- joint and connective tissue Crohn’s Disease-intestines or colon Multiple Sclerosis-brain and spinal cord Graves disease- thyroid gland Lupus- WBC

28. Immunodeficiency disorders
Occur when the immune system fails to work properly
HIV – bloodborne infection – virus damages T cells, causing it to progressively fail, leaving the body susceptible to any and all pathogens
AIDS = most advanced and fatal stage of HIV

29. Immune system - procedures
Scratch test – gives info about which items cause allergic response Fig 6.8, p181
Antihistamines – block histamine receptors, so minimize the effects of histamine and therefore the response
ELISA – blood test for HIV
Western Blot Test – blood test, more accurate fthen ELISA – confirms HIV

30. Bacteria One celled organisms Most are not harmful to humans
Anthrax- from infected livestock; used in biological warfare
Lyme disease- from infected deer tick, effects joints, heart, CNS
Staphylococcus aureus-infects open would or can cause problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisioning.

31. Methicillin-resisant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Bacteria that I resistant to most antibiotics
Small red bumps with black top that become abscesses
Series, difficult to treat, can be fatel

32. Viruses Live by invading other cells Influenza
Measles-transmitted by respiratory droplets; red itchy rash over most of the body, high fever, runny nose or coughing. May include photophobia
Mumps
Rubella
Rabies

33. Medication Antibiotics
anti (against) + bio (life) + tic (pertaining to)
Prevent or slows growth and destroys
Do not work on vires
WHY DO WE TAKE ALL?
Antiviral Drugs
Anti + vir (virus) + tic
Treats symptoms and may provide temporary immunity

34. oncology

35. oncology Study of prevention causes and treatment of tumors and cancer
Tumor = neoplasm = abnormal growth of cells – rapid, uncontrolled, abnormal
Benign – not cancerous, but can grow quickly and put pressure on surrounding structures
Malignant – form of cancer, can spread to distant parts of body, involving other systems and becoming life-threatening

36. oncology
Cancer = uncontrolled division of cells and invasion of other tissues, either locally by growth, or distantly by metastasizing
To Metastasize – ca moves from primary to secondary site
Two types:
Carcinoma – malignant cancer of epithelial tissue eg adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma – malignant cancer of connective tissue
Hard tissue = bone/cartilage = osteosarcoma
Soft tissue = muscle, fat fibrous, lymphatic, blood vessel tissues, eg synovial sarcoma of the knee
Liquid tissue = blood & lymph, eg leukemia

37. Lymphomas Malignancy affecting the lymph tissues
Could include all organs of the system
Most common:
Hodgkins Lymphoma – Hodgkins disease – most common, characterized by large, cancerous lymphocytes = Reed-Sternberg cells
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma - term used to describe all other lymphomas

38. Breast Cancer Various types dep on site and spread
Ductal ca in situ – earliest stage before it has broken through the milk duct wall = stage 0
Infiltrating ductal ca – aka invasive ductal carcinoma – starts in duct and invades local fatty tissue = majority of all breast ca’s = stage I
Infiltrating/invasive lobular ca = invasion into lymph nodes and can migrate to other tissues = stage II
Inflammatory breast ca/IBC – rare, but very aggressive - -> pain, redness, rash, increased breast size, lymph node swelling – only detectable by MRI
Male breast ca – same kinds, smaller amt of tissue – Tom Cruise

39. Staging breast cancer Stage 0 – IV
Dep on size, lymph node involvement, presence of metastases
Stage 0 - localized, no spread
Stage I – beyond duct, but not to nodes
Stage II – increased size and reached the axillary nodes
Stage III – spread to cervical lymph nodes and tissues surrounding the breast – skin, chest wall
Stage IV – cancer has metastasized to other organs – brain, bone, lung, liver.

40. detection BSE – monthly – usually best after menstruation
Prof palpation – by clinician at well-woman checks
Mammography – various types available
Ultrasound – follow up after questionable mammogram
Needle biopsy – rad-guided removal of small sample of cells
Surgical biopsy – small incision to obtain tissue samples after needle biopsy
Sentinel node biopsy – removal of cells from first node to come into contact with ca cells
Lymph node dissection – removal of group of nodes to determine or slow spread of ca

41. Surgical treatment of breast ca
Lumpectomy – removal just of the cancerous tissue – fig 6.17, p 191
Mastectomy – removal of entire breast and nipple
Radical mastectomy – removal of breast and many surrounding tissues
Modified radical mastectomy – breast, and lymph nodes
Reconstruction – alternative to wearing an external prosthesis
Immediate – expander is placed during mastectomy surgery to prep tissue for implant
Delayed – until after radiation tx is complete.

42. Cancer treatments Combination of surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy
Surgery – usually removal of ca and small amt of surrounding healthy tissue (+ one or multiple lymph nodes). May be laser or cryosurgery
Chemotherapy – endless variety of options to blend meds:
Radiation therapy – either local or using imaging assist devices

43. Pop Question 1
Which of the following is NOT a formed element of the blood?
Erythrocytes
Plasma
Leukocytes
Platelets

44. Answer 1 Which of the following is NOT a formed element of the blood?
Erythrocytes
Plasma
Leukocytes
Platelets

45. Pop Question 2 Which blood type is the universal donor? Type A Type B
Type AB
Type O

46. Answer 2 Which blood type is the universal donor? Type A Type B
Type AB
Type O

47. Pop Question 3 Which is NOT an organ of the lymphatic system?
Lymph node
Spleen
Liver
Tonsil

48. Answer 3 Which is NOT an organ of the lymphatic system? Lymph node
Spleen
Liver
Tonsil

49. Pop Question 4 Axillary lymph nodes are located in the: Neck Groin
Chest
Underarm

50. Answer 4 Axillary lymph nodes are located in the: Neck Groin Chest
Underarm

51. Pop Question 5
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inflammation?
Hot to touch
Pain
Swelling
Blue-black color

52. Answer 5
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inflammation?
Hot to touch
Pain
Swelling
Blue-black color

53. Pop Question 6
Which of the following is a life-threatening allergic reaction?
Anaphylactic shock
Graft versus host disease
Kaposi’s reaction
Urticaria

54. Answer 6
Which of the following is a life-threatening allergic reaction?
Anaphylactic shock
Graft versus host disease
Kaposi’s reaction
Urticaria

55. Pop Question 7 Which of the following is a type of cancer? Sarcoidosis
Elephantiasis
Hodgkin’s disease
SCIDS

56. Answer 7 Which of the following is a type of cancer? Sarcoidosis
Elephantiasis
Hodgkin’s disease
SCIDS

57. Pop Question 8 Which of the following is a diagnostic test for AIDS?
Monospot
Scratch test
Type and crossmatch
ELISA

58. Answer 8 Which of the following is a diagnostic test for AIDS?
Monospot
Scratch test
Type and crossmatch
ELISA

59. Pop Question 9
A(n) ________ transfusion uses blood from another person.
Plasma
Homologous
Hematinic
Autologous

60. Answer 9 A(n) ________ transfusion uses blood from another person.
Plasma
Homologous
Hematinic
Autologous

61. Pop Question 10
Which of the following medications works to dissolve existing clots?
Thrombolytic
Hematinic
Anticoagulant
Antihemorrhagic

62. Answer 10
Which of the following medications works to dissolve existing clots?
Thrombolytic
Hematinic
Anticoagulant
Antihemorrhagic

63. Pop Question 11
Which of the following medications is useful for treating allergies?
Immunosuppressant
Reverse transcriptase
Antihistamine
Protease inhibitor

64. Answer 11
Which of the following medications is useful for treating allergies?
Immunosuppressant
Reverse transcriptase
Antihistamine
Protease inhibitor