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Figure 1 Hazard ratios as a function of annual mean PM2

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1 Figure 1 Hazard ratios as a function of annual mean PM2
Figure 1 Hazard ratios as a function of annual mean PM2.5, referring to cerebrovascular disease (A) and ... Figure 1 Hazard ratios as a function of annual mean PM<sub>2.5</sub>, referring to cerebrovascular disease (A) and ischaemic heart disease (B) (after ref.<sup>13</sup>). Solid lines show the range for which epidemiological data are available, and the dashed ones extrapolate to higher concentrations. For Global Burden of Disease 2015, the extrapolation was based on smoking studies. Shaded areas show 95% confidence intervals. CEV, cerebrovascular disease; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; GEMM, Global Exposure Mortality Model; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; PM<sub>2.5</sub>, fine particulate matter with a diameter below 2.5 µm. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact Eur Heart J, ehz135, The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

2 Figure 2 Regional distribution of estimated annual excess mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases (CVD = IHD + ... Figure 2 Regional distribution of estimated annual excess mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases (CVD = IHD + CEV) attributed to air pollution. These rates are lower limits as other non-communicable diseases are not included. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact Eur Heart J, ehz135, The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

3 Figure 3 Estimated annual excess mortality rates attributed to air pollution in the EU-28 for lower respiratory tract ... Figure 3 Estimated annual excess mortality rates attributed to air pollution in the EU-28 for lower respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, cerebrovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, and other non-communicable diseases. Bars compare results from the Global Burden of Disease (2015) and the new GEMM. CEV, cerebrovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EU-28, 28 countries of the European Union; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; GEMM, Global Exposure Mortality Model; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; LC, lung cancer; LRI, lower respiratory tract infections; NCD, non-communicable diseases. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact Eur Heart J, ehz135, The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

4 Figure 4 Estimated excess mortality attributed to air pollution in Europe, and the contributing disease categories. At ... Figure 4 Estimated excess mortality attributed to air pollution in Europe, and the contributing disease categories. At least 48% are due to cardiovascular disease (ischaemic heart disease and stroke). A fraction of other non-communicable diseases should also be counted to cardiovascular diseases related mortality, with an upper limit of 32%. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact Eur Heart J, ehz135, The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

5 Figure 5 Ratio between attributable excess mortalities related to cardiovascular diseases and to respiratory diseases ... Figure 5 Ratio between attributable excess mortalities related to cardiovascular diseases and to respiratory diseases (including lung cancer) for different countries. The calculated ratios are lower limits as other non-communicable diseases are not included. CVD, cardiovascular diseases; RD, respiratory diseases. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact Eur Heart J, ehz135, The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

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