1. Ch. 16 A new way of thinking: the birth of modern science

2. What was the Scientific Revolution? When did it occur?
What was based on?

3. The scientific revolution
Intellectual and cult. transformation between mid 16th to early 18th century.
Associated with planetary motion
Based on observation, controlled experiments & formulation of laws in order to explain the world.
Laid the groundwork for modern science

4. Why was the Scientific Revol. so significant?
Why did the Scientific Revolution take place in Europe?
What were the other teaching systems
interested in?
How was the science looked at in the Islamic world?
Why didn’t the Scientific Revol. appear 1st in China?

5. The scientific revolution
Challenged
the teachings & authority of the Church
Ancient social hierarchies & political systems.
Changed the ideas about the place of humankind in Cosmos.

6. Steps toward a Scientific Revol.
Favorable condit.
a)By 12/13 Cent. : indep. of a variety of institutions.
b) Innovation of “corporation”:collective group treated as a legal unit with certain rights
c) Autonomy of univ.: 1215 Univ. of Paris (recognized as a corporation)
Separation of science & theology b/c of the study of natural order.
1000—1500 Europ. draw on the knowledge of other cult.
16th C: Europ. –at the center of inform. exchange.
Islamic & Chinese worlds
Islamic world the most advanced
Science remained outside the system of college educ. (madrassas)
Chinese educ. focused on civil service exams & classical Confucian texts.

9. After the Scientific Revol.
The world before the Scientific Revol.
After the Scientific Revol.
Geocentric theory: Earth at the center of the universe( derived from Aristotle & Ptolemy)
A universe of divine purpose.
Heliocentric Theory( N. Copernicus)
The Earth and the planets revolved around the Sun
( “On the Revol. of the Heavenly Spheres”, 1543)

10. Who were the representatives of the Scientific Revolution?
What was their work?
What was Church’s position toward the new discoveries?

11. Scientific Revol.’representatives
J. Kepler: elliptical orbits of the planets.
G. Galilei: improved the telescope (discovered the moons of Jupiter & new stars)
I. Newton: laws of motion & mechanics
central concept: universal gravitations; natural laws govern the micro & macro cosmos.

12. New thinking Universe functioned according to mathematical principles.
Knowledge could be obtained through reason
Catholic Church opposed the new way of thinking, although no early scientist rejected Christianity.
What were the effects of Scientific Revol?

13. What was Enlightenment?
What was its cause?
What were its representatives?

14. Enlightenment Cause: the Scientific Revol.
Intellectual movement in 18th Cent. Europe which assumed that human behavior and institutions were governed by scientific laws.
People enlightened by reason could improve government and society.
Scientific approach to knowledge was applied to human affairs.

15. Enlightenment Purpose of governm.: to create order in society.
Government/king and people: a social contract between ruler and ruled (the ruler has to have ruled’s acceptance in order to have power)
People: natural rights to life, liberty and property.
Central theme: the idea of progress.

16. Who were the representatives?

17. Enlightenment ‘representatives
J. Locke: ideas of constitutional government, consent of the governed, “ laws of nature” , “ natural rights”, government should protect the natural rights of citizens.
Voltaire: “Treaty of Toleration” attacked organized religion, freedom of thought.
J. J. Rousseau: social contract
D. Diderot: “Encyclopedia”, denounced slavery, educ. for all
Montesquieu: people had free will.
Marquis of Condorcet: applied mathematics to Social Studies.

18. Absolute monarchy Louis XIV Palace of Versailles

19. Science in the 19th century
Ch. Darwin : “The origin of species”
K. Marx: human history= a process of struggle between social classes.
S. Freud “ doubt on human rationality”; the father of psychoanalysis.
Outside Europe: only practical interest for science
a )Chinese: interest in astronomy & mathematics
b) Ottomans: interest in ideas of practical utility