1. The CARBON CHEMISTRY of Life

2. Structural Isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula but with a different arrangement of atoms are called isomers. The differences in the shape of isomers leads to a difference in their physical and chemical properties.
Molecules with the same molecular formula but with a different arrangement of atoms are called isomers. The differences in the shape of isomers leads to differences in their physical and chemical properties.

3. For example, glucose, galactose and fructose have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6) but different structures.
glucose
galactose

4. For example, glucose, galactose and fructose have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6) but different structures.
galactose
fructose
glucose

5. For example, glucose, galactose and fructose have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6) but different structures.
C6H12O6
galactose
fructose
glucose

6. For example, glucose, galactose and fructose have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6) but different structures.
C6H12O6
galactose
fructose
glucose

7. For example, glucose, galactose and fructose have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6) but different structures.
C6H12O6
galactose
fructose
glucose

8. For example, glucose, galactose and fructose have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6) but different structures.
galactose
fructose
glucose

9. In fact, glucose itself has 3 different structural isomers
In fact, glucose itself has 3 different structural isomers. In a dry state, glucose has a linear structure, but when it dissolves in water, the molecule folds on itself to form one of two possible ring structures:
In fact, glucose itself has 3 different structural isomers. In a dry state, glucose has a linear structure, but when it dissolves in water, the molecule folds on itself to form one of two possible ring structures:
In fact, glucose itself has 3 different structural isomers. In a dry state, glucose has a linear structure, but when it dissolves in water, the molecule folds on itself to form one of two possible ring structures:
In fact, glucose itself has 3 different structural isomers. In a dry state, glucose has a linear structure, but when it dissolves in water, the molecule folds on itself to form one of two possible ring structures:
glucose
folds to form a ring
dissolved in water

10. β-glucose dissolved in water
In fact, glucose itself has 3 different structural isomers. In a dry state, glucose has a linear structure, but when it dissolves in water, the molecule folds on itself to form one of two possible ring structures:
α-glucose
β-glucose or
glucose
α-glucose
β-glucose
dissolved in water

11. In fact, glucose itself has 3 different structural isomers
In fact, glucose itself has 3 different structural isomers. In a dry state, glucose has a linear structure, but when it dissolves in water, the molecule folds on itself to form one of two possible ring structures:
α-glucose
glucose
dissolved in water
β-glucose
dissolved in water

12. These two isomers of glucose differ only in the orientation of a single hydroxyl (-OH) group. This small structural difference leads to a large difference in their chemical properties.
These two isomers of glucose differ only in the orientation of a single hydroxyl (-OH) group. This small structural difference leads to a large difference in their chemical properties.
α-glucose
glucose
dissolved in water
β-glucose
dissolved in water

13. The starch found in mushrooms (amylopectin) is a polymer of α-glucose and can be easily digested.
starch - digestible
Cellulose (found in celery) is a polymer of β-glucose and cannot be digested by most animals.
cellulose - not digestible

14. Structure = Function Isomers illustrate that
the structure of a molecule determines the function of that molecule.
Structure = Function

15. Organic Chemistry
Basic building blocks of organisms are made of molecules
Molecules formed by living organisms, typically contain carbon  organic compounds
Has a carbon backbone with other atoms covalently bonded to it
Most common are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

16. Carbon to carbon covalent bonds can form:
………chains
…..rings
…branched structures

17. HYDROCARBONS
Molecules consisting of only carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms
Simplest: methane
A carbon atom will always have four bonds

18. Functional Groups
Atoms or groups of atoms covalently bonded to a carbon backbone
Each group of atoms has its own definitely chemical properties
The structure of the group and its electron configuration affect the function of the molecule
Usually ionic or strongly polar
Interact with other molecules
Initiate chemical reactions to form new bonds

19. ethane
ethanol

20. Methanoic Acid (HCOOH) Sugars, fats, amino acids
Functional Group
Family
Structural Formula
R=rest of molecule
Example
Common Locations
Hydroxyl
-OH
Alcohol
Methanol
(CH3OH)
Sugars, other alcohols
Carbonyl
-CHO at end
Aldehyde
Formaldehyde
(CHOH)
Sugars
C=O in chain
Ketone
Acetone (CH3COCH3)
Carboxyl
-COOH at end
Carboxylic Acid
Methanoic Acid (HCOOH)
Sugars, fats, amino acids
Amino
-NH2 at end
Amines
Methylamine (CH3NH2)
Amino acids, proteins
Phosphate
-PO42- at end
Organic Phosphates
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
DNA, RNA, ATP
Sulfhydryl
-SH at end
Thiols
Butathiol (C4H9SH)
Proteins

21. Naming Organic Molecules
When trying to identify the names of organic molecules, one can observe three things to assist in the naming process.
The number of carbons
For 1 carbon start the name with: meth-
2: eth- 5: pent- 8: oct-
3: prop- 6: hex- 9: non-
4: but- 7: hept- 10: dec-
B) The number of bonds in between carbons
For single bonds name ends with: -ane
For double bonds: -ene
For triple bonds: -yne
The functional groups
If there is a Hydroxyl group to the ending add ol
Carbonyl (ketone) one
Carbonyl (aldehyde) al
Amino amine
Carboxyl noic acid

23. Examples 1. CH4 *one carbon, therefore - Meth
*single bonds therefore - ane
Methane
2. CH3CH2OH
*two carbon – Eth
*single bond – ane
*alcohol - ol
Ethanol

24. Ketone
propanone
3 carbons
Carboxyl
butanoic acid

25. Glycine: H2NCH2COOH
carboxyl
amino

26. Homework
Read pages
Answer p. 28 #1, 2, 4, 12a