1. DNA – RNA – Protein Synthesis
Mr. Hulse
CTHS

2. What is dna?
Our chromosomes are made of tightly bound genetic material called DNA

3. What is dna?

4. What is dna?
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

5. What is dna?
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

6. What is dna?
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

7. What is dna?
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

8. What is dna?
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

9. What is dna? DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is simply a long chain of very simple building blocks (called nucleotides) with three main components
1. Deoxyribose Sugar

10. What is dna? DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is simply a long chain of very simple building blocks (called nucleotides) with three main components
1. Deoxyribose Sugar
2. Phosphate group

11. What is dna? DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is simply a long chain of very simple building blocks (called nucleotides) with three main components
1. Deoxyribose Sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base

15. Beginning formation of one side of a DNA strand

16. Beginning formation of one side of a DNA strand
What next?

18. Bonds form between the nitrogenous bases to connect the opposite side of the DNA strand

21. Double stranded
DNA molecule

22. D D D D
Double stranded
DNA molecule D D D D

23. How are we unique?
If your DNA strands are simply sugar with a nitrogenous base… how are we all different?

24. How are we unique?
If your DNA strands are simply sugar with a nitrogenous base… how are we all different? There are 4 different types of nitrogenous bases

25. How are we unique?
If your DNA strands are simply sugar with a nitrogenous base… how are we all different? There are 4 different types of nitrogenous bases

26. How are we unique?
If your DNA strands are simply sugar with a nitrogenous base… how are we all different? There are 4 different types of nitrogenous bases

27. How are we unique?
If your DNA strands are simply sugar with a nitrogenous base… how are we all different? There are 4 different types of nitrogenous bases

28. How are we unique?
If your DNA strands are simply sugar with a nitrogenous base… how are we all different? There are 4 different types of nitrogenous bases

29. Base pairing

30. Base pairing
What patterns, if any, do you notice about the bonding?

31. Base pairing Between Adenine and Thymine A T
Between Cytosine and Guanine
C G

32. Base pairing Between Adenine and Thymine A T
Between Cytosine and Guanine
C G

33. Base pairing Between Adenine and Thymine A T
Between Cytosine and Guanine
C G

34. Base pairing Between Adenine and Thymine A T?
Between Adenine and Thymine
A T
Between Cytosine and Guanine
C G A ? G ? T ? C

35. Base pairing Between Adenine and Thymine A T
Between Cytosine and Guanine
C G A ? G ? T ? C

36. Base pairing Between Adenine and Thymine A T
Between Cytosine and Guanine
C G A C G ? T ? C

37. Base pairing Between Adenine and Thymine A T
Between Cytosine and Guanine
C G A C G A T ? C

38. Base pairing Between Adenine and Thymine A T
Between Cytosine and Guanine
C G A C G A T G C

39. What is dna?
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

40. What is dna? DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is simply a long chain of very simple building blocks with three main components
1. Deoxyribose Sugar

41. What is dna? DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is simply a long chain of very simple building blocks with three main components
1. Deoxyribose Sugar
2. Phosphate group

42. What is dna? DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is simply a long chain of very simple building blocks with three main components
1. Deoxyribose Sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nucleotide base

44. What if we need more DNA?

45. dna rEPLICATION

46. DNA strand is “unzipped” forming a replication bubble
dna rEPLICATION
DNA strand is “unzipped” forming a replication bubble
Replication Bubble

47. dna rEPLICATION

48. Replication bubble begins to spread in opposite directions as the
dna rEPLICATION
Replication bubble begins to spread in opposite directions as the
DNA is replicated

49. Additional replication bubbles form along the DNA strand…
dna rEPLICATION
Additional replication bubbles form along the DNA strand…

50. Additional replication bubbles form along the DNA strand…
dna rEPLICATION
Additional replication bubbles form along the DNA strand…
Why?

51. Why multiple replication bubbles?
dna rEPLICATION
Why multiple replication bubbles?

52. dna rEPLICATION
SPEED!

53. dna rEPLICATION

54. dna rEPLICATION
Replication Bubble
Replication Bubble

55. dna rEPLICATION
Replication Bubble

56. G c t g a t c g t a c t a c g g a

57. C A G C A T G A T G C C T
G c t g a t c g t a c t a c g g a

58. C G A G C A T G A T G C C T
G c t g a t c g t a c t a c g g a

59. C G A A G C A T G A T G C C T
G c t g a t c g t a c t a c g g a

60. C G A C A G C A T G A T G C C T
G c t g a t c g t a c t a c g g a

61. C G A C T A G C A T G A T G C C T
G c t g a t c g t a c t a c g g a

62. C G A C T A
G c t g a t c g t a c t a c g g a

63. C G A C T A G
G c t g a t c g t a c t a c g g a

64. C G A C T A G C
G c t g a t c g t a c t a c g g a

65. C G A C T A G C A
G c t g a t c g t a c t a c g g a
On your own - complete the rest!

66. C G A C T A G C A T G A T G C C T
G c t g a t c g t a c t a c g g a

68. Purpose for dna?

69. Purpose for dna?
DNA’s role is to be a code of instructions…

70. Purpose for dna? DNA’s role is to be a code of instructions…
Instructions for what???

71. Purpose for dna? Proteins! DNA’s role is to be a code of instructions…
Instructions for what???
Proteins!

72. Problem… RIBOSOMES! A MESSENGER!
Where are proteins synthesized/produced?
RIBOSOMES!
How do we get the instructions for producing those proteins… to the ribosomes?
A MESSENGER!

73. Problem… RIBOSOMES! A MESSENGER!
Where are proteins synthesized/produced?
RIBOSOMES!
How do we get the instructions for producing those proteins… to the ribosomes?
A MESSENGER!

74. Problem… RIBOSOMES! A MESSENGER!
Where are proteins synthesized/produced?
RIBOSOMES!
How do we get the instructions for producing those proteins… to the ribosomes?
A MESSENGER!

76. transcription
RNA – Ribonucleic acid

77. transcription
RNA – Ribonucleic acid

89. rna
The RNA continues the code to the ribosomes where proteins are made Each “three-nucleotide-sequence” of mRNA is called a CODON Each “three-nucleotide-sequence” of tRNA is called an ANTI - CODON These CODONS code for a specific amino acid

90. Amino acid codon chart

91. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G

92. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G

93. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G

94. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G

95. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
mRNA is broken into “triplets” called “codons”

96. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
C-A-U
G-C-C
U-A-G

97. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
Met (START)
C-A-U
G-C-C
U-A-G

98. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
Met (START)
C-A-U
G-C-C
U-A-G

99. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
Met (START)
C-A-U
His
G-C-C
U-A-G

100. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
Met (START)
C-A-U
His
G-C-C
U-A-G

101. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
Met (START)
C-A-U
His
G-C-C
U-A-G

102. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
Met (START)
C-A-U
His
G-C-C
Ala
U-A-G

103. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
Met (START)
C-A-U
His
G-C-C
Ala
U-A-G

104. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
Met (START)
C-A-U
His
G-C-C
Ala
U-A-G

105. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
Met (START)
C-A-U
His
G-C-C
Ala
U-A-G
STOP

106. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
Met (START)
C-A-U
His
G-C-C
Ala
U-A-G
STOP

107. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
Met (START)
C-A-U
His
G-C-C
Ala
U-A-G
STOP

108. A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
Amino acid codon chart
A – U – G – C – A – U – G – C – C – U – A – G
A-U-G
Met (START)
C-A-U
His
G-C-C
Ala
U-A-G
STOP
Met(START) – His – Ala - STOP