1. EMOTION
AP Psychology
Myers

2. Emotion A response of the whole organism, involving:
physiological arousal
conscious experience of emotion
expressive behaviors
Myers recalls an experience during which his son left his side in a mall…
Physiological arousal – quickened heartbeat
Conscious experience of emotion –emotions (fear, later joy) and thoughts (kidnapping?)
Expressive behaviors – quickened pace, worried facial expression

3. Physiological arousal or conscious experience of emotion?
THEORIES OF EMOTION
Which comes first?
Physiological arousal or conscious experience of emotion?

4. Common Sense Perspective
The conscious experience of emotion causes physiological arousal.
I am sad, so I cry.
I am happy, so I smile.
I am scared, so I tremble.
PROBLEMS:
Very narrow – sometimes the body reacts quicker than our conscious awareness of emotion

5. James-Lange Theory
A physiological arousal occurs before the conscious emotion
The heart races BEFORE the feeling of fear is recognized.
PROBLEMS
Your body’s physiological symptoms can be associated with all kinds of emotions.
A racing heart doesn’t always indicate fear!
The body often reacts slower than the feeling of emotions.
You feel sad before you cry.
Ex: your car skids and your fishtail into another lane… once you realize you are ok, you realize you are trembling and your heart is pounding… THEN you feel the emotional wave of feelings about the gravity of what could have happened.

6. Cannon-Bard Theory
Simultaneous experience of physiological arousal and conscious emotion.
Your heart races AS you experience fear.
PROBLEMS
How can it happen at the same time all the time?
What about physiological symptoms that do not have a felt emotion?
Or a felt emotion that doesn’t present a physiological response at the same time?
The emotion-triggering stimulus is routed simultaneously to the brain’s cortex → awareness of emotion WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY… the emotion-triggering stimulus is routed to the sympathetic nervous system → arousal in the body.
you heart beats AS you experience fear; one does not cause the other.

7. Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer)
Physiological arousal occurs and the brain appraises (judges) the arousal and the context (surroundings) to label the conscious emotion felt.
Emotions are context-dependent
Racing heart can mean fear or happiness depending on the context.
Physiology + Cognition = Emotion
PROBLEMS
What if the context is ambiguous?
Physiology and cognition (memory, perception, and interpretations) together create emotions
To experience emotion, you must cognitive interpret and label the cause of the arousal.

8. Theories of Emotion
Scenario: An on coming car is in your lane! AHHHH!! You experience a pounding heart. The emotion experienced is fear.
For each theory, sketch the sequence of events. (hint: each theory starts with the stimulus)
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Two-Factor

9. Emotions are not felt by the mind, but by the entire body.
EMBODIED EMOTION
Emotions are not felt by the mind, but by the entire body.

10. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic nervous system – mobilizes body for action
Sympathetic nervous system – AROUSES
Parasympathetic nervous system – CALMS
“para” as in paralyzed or slowed

11. What is Stress?
Stress: is the process by which we respond to events we appraise as threatening or challenging Stressors: are the events/things that stress us out!

12. GAS...
Hans Selye discovered the responsive cycle for how we react to stress which he named the:
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Phase 1: Alarm: activation of sympathetic nervous system. Phase 2: Resistance: arousal remains high as you attempt to cope with the stressor. “Fight or Flight.” Phase 3: Exhaustion: body becomes run down with constant stress which can leave you more vulnerable to illness or even death.

13. Stress and Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease: when vessels of heart are clogged which stops heart muscles from being nourished. Many behavioral factors help contribute to this disease but stress is also a major factor.

14. Personality Type and Heart Disease
Type A Personality: competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people. Type B Personality: easy-going and relaxed people.

15. Personality Type and Heart Disease
Psychophysiological Illnesses: “mind-body” illnesses. Physical illnesses caused by stress. Ex: Hypertension,some headaches, increase BP Are also referred to as psychosomatic disorders

16. Physiological Similarities and Differences of Emotions
Fear, anger, and sexual arousal can manifest physiologically in similar ways → CONTEXT MATTERS
Similar physiological heart rate response for fear and joy but use different facial muscles
Brain differences
Right frontal lobe – Negative emotions, depression
Left frontal lobe – positive emotions, active with positive personalities; more dopamine pathways

17. Lie Detection
Polygraph – a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
PROBLEMS
Physiological arousal is the same for many emotions
Increased stress level due to accusations made
Savvy criminals could possibly pass by manipulating their arousal
Guilty knowledge test – monitor responses to questions using info that only the criminal would know
The untrained eye can detect lying only 50% of the time → essentially by chance.
Attempts to use physical indicators to indicate emotions
Seen as increasingly questionable as our understanding of emotions has broadened

18. EXPRESSED EMOTION
Expressed behaviors (nonverbal cues) can reveal emotions.
Vary with culture?
Can expressions influence our experienced emotions?

19. Nonverbal Communication
Most people can detect nonverbal emotional cues like facial expressions and body language, especially those that indicate a threat.
Recognize many emotions in the eyes
NEED to be aware that some nonverbal cues can be multiple things (ex: crossed arms)
Can understand movies and TV on mute or in a different language
We read fear and anger mostly in the eyes and happiness in the mouth

20. Nonverbal Communication
Experiences can sensitize us to recognizing certain emotions…
Abused children will recognize an angry face quicker AND assume more faces portray anger.
Experience can sensitize us to recognizing certain emotions → physically abused children are much quicker to recognize anger in a face; also more likely to perceive a face as angry if it is 40% anger and 60% fear.

21. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
Women…
Increased emotional literacy (better at reading nonverbal cues)
Greater emotional responsiveness in + or - situations
More empathy (self-reported)
More likely to express emotion physically

22. Detecting and Computing Emotion
Hard to “fake” some emotions due to innate microexpressions
Worry/distress – lifting just the inner part of eyebrows
Fear – eyebrows pulled together
Natural smile – activated muscles under the eyes and raised cheeks

23. Culture and Emotional Expression
Evolutionary - adaptive to enhance survival
Behaviors (including emotional expressions) occur to serve a purpose – survival.
Members of a species who did not produce or recognize certain expressions/behaviors did not survive to pass on genes.
SAME - Facial expressions carry the same meanings across cultures
Universal infant behavior, blind person’s expressions
Must learn expressions convey certain emotions
DIFFERENT - Gesture meaning varies; intensity of display varies
Thumbs-up, middle finger
Display rules – a culture’s informal rules/norms about when/where/how to express emotions
Evolutionary → universal language for ancestors
Adaptive to enhance survival (Wrinkled nose in disgust → avoids odors)
“Thumbs up” can be offensive
The raised middle finger can hold no or different meaning
Universally, infants cry when distressed, smile when happy, and shake their heads when defiant.
People of Western cultures tend to display more emotion than people from Japan.

24. The Effects of Facial Expressions
Facial feedback hypothesis - making certain facial expressions can make you feel the conveyed emotion to an extent
Behavior feedback hypothesis - moving your body as if you were experiencing an emotion can cause you to feel the emotion to an extent
Expressions not only communicate emotion, but amplify and regulate it.

25. Spot the Fake Smile! Spot the fake smile
20 faces with 2-3 second videos
Can only watch video once
Genuine or fake?
Term
Girls
Boys
Spring 2013 20 18
Spring 2014 16
Fall 2015 – 3rd 17
Fall 2015 – 4th 19
Spring 2016
Fall 2016 – 3rd
Fall 2016 – 4th
Gender differences?
Other variables that influenced results?

26. Lie To Me – importance and universality of facial expressions
Emotion
Biological
Psychological
Socio-cultural
Physiological arousal
Evolutionary adaptiveness
Response pathways in the brain
Spillover effect
Cognitive labeling
Gender differences
Expressiveness
Presence of others
Cultural expectations
Lie To Me – importance and universality of facial expressions
Crash Course - Emotion

27. “An emotion, if it is sincere, is involuntary.”
EXPERIENCED EMOTION
“An emotion, if it is sincere, is involuntary.”
- Mark Twain

28. What Do Emotions Look Like?
“Emotionally Vague”
35 countries
250 participants
6-75 yrs old
Anger
Joy
Fear
Sadness
Love

29. How Many Emotions?
Paul Ekman – 6 basic emotions based on cross-cultural studies
Carroll Izard – 10 basic emotions based on studies of infant expression
Two dimensions of emotion
Arousal (high/low)
Valence (pleasant/ unpleasant)
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Happiness/Joy
Sadness
Surprise
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Contempt
Shame
Happiness/Joy
Sadness
Surprise
Interest/Excitement
Guilt

30. Fear Can be contagious and fatal Mobilizes fight/flight
Evolutionary – fear certain things that enhance survival
Learned
Conditioning (Little Albert)
Observed (monkey experiment)
Both learned and observed: Sandy Hook shooting
1903 fire in Chicago’s Iroquois theater – a small fire caused more than 500 people to die, not from the fire but from being trampled by others due to fear.
Learned - Crawling leads infants to gradually fear heights through falls and near-falls; Any experience can lead to a conditioned fear
Observation - Wild monkeys fear snakes while lab monkeys do not → lab monkeys observed wild monkeys’ fearful behavior around snakes and learned to fear snakes from this observation.
9/11 produced a fear of flying from the observation of such a traumatic event.
Sandy Hook students scared of school after observing shooting. (NPR “Shootings Leave Sandy Hook Survivors Rethinking the Odds” – fear could be explained by conditioned or observationally learning).

31. Fear
Amygdala
Limbic system – emotions
Associates fear with certain situations
Phobia – an intense fear of objects or situations that disrupts the ability to cope
Social, agoraphobia, specific
Evolutionary - Snakes, spiders, cliffs, etc – fears that probably helped our ancestors survive; Unprepared for new-age dangers like cars, electricity, bombs, global warming – all of which are now far more dangerous

32. Anger
Usually a response to an act by another person OR “blameless annoyances” (traffic, weather, etc)
Can lead to aggression, prejudice, and illness.
Western cultures encourage catharsis (emotional release) through aggression
Venting (aggressive, verbal)
Can actually lead to MORE anger (behavior feedback)
Contradicts “rage room,” and The Purge
How should we handle anger?
Wait, let simmer.
Find appropriate cathartic outlets (exercise, talking with friend, etc)
Non-accusatory statements (“I get irritated when you...”)
Boys report resolving anger with exercise while girls resolve anger by talking with a friend, listening to music, or writing.

33. Happiness Happier people…
Perceive the world as safer, make decisions easier, are more cooperative, and live healthier and more energized and satisfied lives
Experience the feel-good-do-good phenomenon – tendency to be more helpful when happy
Determined by studying subjective well- being - self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
Used along side of objective well-being (data based research)
Money/wealth ≠ happiness
objective well-being which focuses on physical and economic indicators
Wealth can increase short-term happiness, but has not been seen to increase long-term happiness.

34. Evaluating Happiness Adaptation-level phenomenon Relative deprivation
The tendency to form judgments about situations relative to previous experiences.
Ex: You are happy with your spouse and think that you could never live without them. After your divorce, you are upset, but eventually adapt to single-life and establish happiness in your new situation.
Relative deprivation
The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.
Ex: You are a well-paid professional athlete, but feel that you are not making as much as your competitors. You feel shafted and demand more money (despite being a millionaire).
Sports stars or celebrities that complain that they aren’t paid enough.

35. Emotional Ups and Downs
Positive emotions – peak mid-day
Negative emotions – after waking, before sleeping
Moods triggered by everyday events (good/bad) tend not the last beyond the day.
Tend to rebound from bad days with better than average days
Significant bad events can cause prolonged sadness, but we adapt and can return to average levels of happiness.

36. How to be Happier! Realize wealth ≠ happiness
Set goals, manage your time wisely
Act happy
Exercise
Sleep
Seek work/leisure that engages your skills
Form and value close relationships
Do good → feel good
Be grateful
Nurture your spiritual self

37. Studying the Effects of Stress on Health
Behavioral Medicine: combines knowledge of biomedical perspective and behavioral perspective to study and treat health and illness. Term is often used interchangeably with Psychiatry (M. D.) Health Psychology: subfield of psychology contributes to behavioral medicine. Looks at psychological causes of illness and stress (cognitive, environment, social, biological, etc.)

38. SYSK – Does smiling make you happy?
What did Duchenne discover?
What is distinctive in detecting a genuine smile?
Why did Zajonc study the effects of smiling by using vowel sounds? (Hint: why couldn’t he invoke smiles with funny jokes or simply asking participants to smile?)
What kind of effects did Zajonc find in the participants that produced the “eee” sound?
What suggestion did researchers propose for why the group that smiled AND looked in the mirror felt the more positive?
What is Zajonc’s physiological hypothesis for why physiological expressions can induce emotions?
What effect does Botox have on the experience of emotions? Why?
Does a fake smile invoke positive emotions?