1. Biological Classification and Viruses

2. Introduction
Common names were not specific enough to meet the scientific needs.
1. improve communication globally
2. avoid confusing names
3. improved accuracy with data

3. Taxonomy: the science of classifying organisms
Carolus Linneaus: (1700s) developed the foundation of the modern classification system
Seven levels of order in taxonomy: KPCOFGS
Classification specificity: from least specific to most specific (fig )

4. Binomial Names
Another name used by taxonomists for the modern classification system.
Two-part name, genus and species, specific for that organism; in Latin
Underlined or italicized
Example: Bacillus anthrasis

5. Method of Classification
Structural similarities:
similarities in appearance
Physiological or biochemical similarities: similarities in how organisms function
Used to divide organisms into proper groups and sometimes, over time, these are changed

6. Prokaryote Kingdoms Prokaryote
-no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles
Archaebacteria: like extreme conditions
Eubacteria: “bacteria” that can cause human illness
-largest number of living organisms
ex: page 447

7. Eukaryote Kingdoms Eukaryote: -membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
-much more complex than prokaryote
Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Anamalia

8. Kingdom Protista
characteristics: single-celled or grouped, autotrophs and heterotrophs, generally live in aqueous environments, microscopic size
see bottom of page 447

9. Kingdom Fungi Primarily decomposers Most are multi-cellular
Cell walls made of the carbohydrate chitin
Mushrooms, puff balls, bread molds
100,000 species
-see page 448

10. Kingdom Plantae Primarily autotrophs Some parasitic forms
Multicellular, photosynthetic, cell walls made of cellulose
Adapted to all environments and soil conditions
Include plants, trees, shrubs, flowers, grasses, mosses, and ferns
350,000 species
-see bottom of page 448

11. Kingdom Animalia
characteristics: multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls, sexual reproduction, mobile, symmetrical body plan
Includes insects, fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals
Wide range of habitats and modes of locomotion
-see page 449

12. Viruses Smaller than bacteria Not living organisms – called particles
-see table at bottom of page 450
Structure:

13. Incapable of reproducing itself without a host cell.
Lytic cycle for DNA virus:
virus injects itself into a host cell and takes over the protein synthesis machinery of the cell; it reproduces virus parts and viruses until the cell bursts and releases the viruses to infect new cells.
Lysogenic cycle for DNA virus:
the viral DNA enters the host cell and integrates with the host cell DNA (provirus or prophage). The viral DNA is replicated with the host cell DNA when the cell divides until something activates the viral DNA; it then enters the lytic cycle.

14. Lytic cycle for RNA virus:
similar to the DNA process; RNA serves as a template to make more capsid proteins
Lysogenic cycle for RNA virus:
makes DNA from RNA using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase; the DNA then integrates and becomes a prophage until activated.

15. Viroids and Prions
Viroid: simpler than viruses and very small; infect only plants; smallest-known particles able to direct their own replication
Prions: simpler than viroids; abnormal forms of proteins; are able to reproduce themselves without a nucleic acid.
*not considered “living” because they cannot reproduce independently.

16. KEY TO FOREST TREES: 1a
Leaf edge has no teeth, waves, or lobes go to 2 1b
Leaf edge has teeth, waves, or lobes go to 3 2a
Leaf has a bristle at its tip shingle oak 2b
Leaf has no bristle at its tip go to 4 3a
Leaf edge is toothed Lombardy poplar 3b
Leaf edge has waves or lobes go to 5 4a
Leaf edge is heart-shaped red bud 4b
Leaf is not heart-shaped live oak 5a
Leaf edge has lobes English oak 5b
Leaf edge has waves chestnut oak