1. Society during the Reformation

2. Counter-Reformation
Misnomer; not exclusively a response to the Reformation; reform happening long before Reformation
Thomas a Kempis
Erasmus
Michelangelo and the spirituali
Ursulines (1535)- education for women of all social classes
Jesuits aka Society of Jesus (1540)- founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola
Ended up having the mission of re-converting Protestants to Catholicism
Spiritual Exercises: self-control and discipline
Mysticism (revival mostly in Spain of monastic spirituality); emphasis on the interior life and an intimate relationship with God through contemplation
St. Teresa of Avila
St. John of the Cross
Council of Trent ( )
No change in doctrine
Clarified doctrine for Lutherans and Calvinists
Moral change: no more selling of indulgences, training priests, keeping bishops at home, etc.

3. Magisterial Protestantism
“Magisterial” refers to the fact that Luther and Calvin are going to reform within the context of laws, institutions, government, and society they are in. They will work closely with the government to reform, using the government to coerce people to follow moral laws
Alcohol and prostitution are GONE in Protestant cities
Monasteries and convents disappear; fewer clergy and churches; worship in vernacular instead of Latin
Clergy can marry
Churches stripped bare to keep the focus on God
Sola scriptura
Over half will re-convert to Catholicism

4. Women
Status increases in Protestant cities (idea that Christ has freed everyone- makes everyone equal)
Sacredness of home and family
Women have more of an active role in the Church since clergy can marry
Greater window/opportunity for divorce; women can procur one much more easily and almost as equally as men
Increase in education
Increase in ability to write and publish
Married later on in 20’s; higher mortality rate because they are having children later on
More remarriage for men
More premarital sex and illegitimate children
Large unmarried population
Nuclear family; 2-4 surviving children
Arranged marriages under better conditions
Wet-nursing controversial

5. Education Reformation is an overall very humanist movement
Focus on the city
Eloquence
Greek texts and translating the Bible into the vernacular
Studia humanitatis
Virtue and personal piety
Anti-scholastic in a lot of ways
Luther transcends the scholastic-humanist divide in many ways

6. Literature Miguel Cervantes: Don Quixote Shakespeare Medieval chivalry
Idealism and realism
Shakespeare
The man who needs no introduction