1. Journal # 3:
List two ways that a sponge benefits other organisms.

2. When you are done
Turn in to the basket on my desk, work on your new vocab-zoology books are in the bookcase

3. Zoology 8/22 Part 2 vocab quiz 8/24 Unit test 8/27
What are the traits of Phylum Porifera?
1. Journal #6
2. Phylum Porifera
3. Porifera coloring/question sheet

4. 1. What is radial symmetry? 2. Give an advantage
Journal #6
1. What is radial symmetry?
2. Give an advantage
3. Give a disadvantage
4. Example of organism with this symmetry

5. PHYLUM PORIFERA
SPONGES

6. I. General Information
Porifera means “pore-bearing”
EX: sponges
3. No tissues, organs, or systems
4. Entire animal consists of several different types of cells functioning together.
5. Sessile- immobile
Symmetry: Asymmetrical- no symmetry
Simplest of all animals

7. Osculum- allows water & waste to leave.
Spicules- give support/protection
Choanocyte- traps passing food
Spongocoel- center cavity of sponge
Porocyte- allows water & food into sponge
Mesohyl- gelatinous middle layer thru which amoebocytes travel.
Amoebocytes- carry nutrients, oxygen thru body. Can also become reproductive cells.
Ostium (plural ostia)- opening to a porocyte
Pinacocyte- epidermal cells; cover outside of sponge; can contract to close ostia when irritated

8. Digestion/Feeding
Filter feeders- sessile so cannot prey on food.
Eat bacteria, algae, protists, larvae
Pathway of water & food

9. Food vacuole is created at base of choanocyte. Digestion begins.
a. Enters porocyte
b. Passes by choanocyte which has beating flagella to pull food into collar which captures food.
Food vacuole is created at base of choanocyte. Digestion begins.
Food vacuole is passed to an amoebocyte.
Amoebocyte carries nutrients to all parts of sponge. Also remove waste from sponge (circulatory system)
Excess water & waste exit thru osculum.
g. Can measure amount of water flow out of the sponge by adding dye

10. Respiration- exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide
1. DIFFUSION through the cell membranes exposed directly to water.
Gas exchange occurs in a sponge by simple diffusion across each cell membrane. Gas exchange always takes place by diffusion, in which the gases move from where they are most concentrated to where they are least concentrated, carbon dioxide moving in one direction and oxygen in the other. In human beings this occurs across the alveolar-capillary membrane in the lungs.
Read more: How Do Sponges Breath? | eHow.com

11. Spicules- needle-like pieces of calcium carbonate or silica.
Skeleton/Support
Spicules- needle-like pieces of calcium carbonate or silica.
All different shapes & sizes
2. Spongin- flexible protein fibers found in the sponge skeleton ex:bath sponge
Spicules- spicules are sharp spikes (made of calcium carbonate) located in the mesohyl. Spicules form the "skeleton" of many sponges. The different shapes and sizes dipictes what species of sponge
Spongin-

12. Excretion- removal of wastes from body
Wastes removed from body by amoebocytes.
Released to spongocoel & out osculum.

13. VI. Reproduction Asexual- without using sperm & egg
a. Regeneration- broken pieces of sponge regrow into entire new sponge.

14. b. Budding- small buds break off & continue to grow until adulthood.
Here one or more outgrowths of reproductive units called buds are formed on the parental body. Each bud consists of a small group of cells surrounded by the epithelium. A bud develops as a small outgrowth on the parents body. Each bud enlarges, develops the characteristics of the parent organism. A bud may become separated from the parent body and then develop into a new individual, or it may separate only after the completion of development. In some cases the buds never separate and as a result, colonies of interconnected individuals are formed.
Examples: Hydra, sponges, some tunicates.

15. c. Gemmules- masses of amoebocytes form. on parent in winter
c. Gemmules- masses of amoebocytes form on parent in winter. Amoebocytes become all other cells when released to form a new sponge.

16. Sexual- with sperm and egg.
a. Monoecious- hermaphrodites; produce sperm & egg in same organism.
Do not make or release sperm & egg at same time.
Prevents self-fertilization.
Self-fertilization is like inbreeding. Does not promote good genetic diversity.

18. VII. 3 Body Forms
Ascon
a. Simplest
b. Vase-like body
c. EX: Leucosolenia

19. Sycon
a. More complex than ascon.
b. Folded body wall
c. More choanocytes
= more food
d. EX: Grantia

20. Leucon-
a. Complex body wall
b. Many oscula
c. Even more choanocytes
= more food
d. EX: bath
sponge

21. VIII. Classification
Based on type of spicules (different shape of spicules indicates different species)
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera
Class Calcarea- spicules of calcium carbonate; needle-like or 3-4 rays.
Class Hexactinellidae- spicules of silica with 6 rays
Class Demospongiae- spicules of silica or spongin; bath sponge
Classified based on spicules

22. IX. Economic/Environmental Importance
Filter & clean water.
Control some animal populations by eating excess larvae.
Bath sponges sold for cleaning, exfoliating, personal hygiene, etc.
Part of food chain
Provide habitat for many types of animals.

23. DAILY QUIZ #3 The cells that capture food for the sponge are called
a. Pinacocytes b. Choanocytes c. amoebocytes
The center cavity of the sponge is
a. Osculum b. Mesohyl c. spongocoel
Sponges breathe
a. With lungs b. With gills c. By diffusion
The jelly-like middle layer of the sponge is
a. Mesohyl b. Mesoderm c. spongy
Human : red blood cell :: Sponge :
a. spicule b. Amoebocyte c. osculum

24. Links for WebQuests