1. Classification of words
Cheat sheet!

2. The noun
PERSON, PLACE, THING (ITEMS WE PERCEIVE WITH THE SENSES) (Thomas Jefferson, Detroit, desk, coin, library, classroom, etc) ABSTRACT ITEMS WE DO NOT PERCIEVE THROUGH THE SENSES (BELIEFS OR IDEAS – LIBERTY, FREEDOM, JUSTICE, CUSTOMS)

3. THE PRONOUN
PERSONAL: USED IN PLACE OF A PERSON’S NAME (I, ME, YOU, HE, SHE, ETC.)
COMPOUND PERSONAL: ADD SELF OR SELVES: (HIMSELF, THEMSELVES)
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS: DEMONSTRATES– (THIS DESK, THAT HAT)
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN: ASK QUESTION (WHICH CHAIR? WHAT BOOK?)
RELATVE PRONOUN: INTRODUCES AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (He is the man who is sick)
hint: who, whose, whom, which, are both interrogative and relative. If it asks a question, it is interrogative

4. The verb: action and linking
Action: visable or invisible action: dropped, collided, enjoyed, decided
Main Linking: be, am, are, is, was, were, been, being
Other linking: appear, become, seem, look, sound, remain
* These could also be action linking: the room smells musty.
Action: He smelled smoke.

5. (verbs continued) auxiliary verbs
Mostly forms of “be” and “have” and work with the main verb Watch out for adverbs that break up the auxiliary and main verb The thief may still be lurking in the shadows. We should have probably taken an earlier train.

6. Verbs: active or passive
If the subject is doing the action – active
(the voters studied the issues.)
If the subject receives the action– passive
(the issues were studied by the voters.)

7. The adjective: only modifies a noun or a pronoun
Which, what kind of, how, many, how much
This book is old. (this = which book)
The large dog is harmless. (large= what kind of)
We have some grapes left. (how many)
A little soup is in the pot. (how much)

8. The articles
A, an, the

9. The adverb: modifies verb, adverb or adjective
Adverbs tell how, when, where, to what extent
The story ended happily. (how)
The team left early. (when)
The dog went outside. (where)
The writing was totally illegible (to what extent)
Most end in “ly”
Words that generally modify other adverbs: too, very, rather

10. The preposition: always introduces a phrase that ends with a noun
Around the bend, over the hill, along the winding river, under the bed, beyond the blue sky, etc.
The words in a prepositional phrase will NEVER be part of the subject of the verb

11. The conjunction: connects words, phrases or clauses
Coordinating: makes ideas equal: and, but, or, so, yet
Correlative: works in pairs: neither, nor; either, or; both, and; whether, or
Subordinating conjunctions: link two clauses by showing relationship of time, place, result, exception, contition, alternative
Conjunctive adverbs: joins two main clauses. Precede with a semicolon followed by a gomma.
I wanted to attend the play; however, I was too late.
Because he was late, he could not enter the theater.
He could not enter the theater because he was

12. The interjection
Words of exclaimation or surprise
Oh! Wow! Hey!